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While large language models (LLMs) excel in mathematical and code reasoning, we observe they struggle with social reasoning tasks, exhibiting cognitive confusion, logical inconsistencies, and conflation between objective world states and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Jialu Du , Guiyang Hou , Yihui Fu , Chen Wu , Wenqi Zhang , Yongliang Shen , Weiming Lu

Conditional language models still generate unfaithful output that is not supported by their input. These unfaithful generations jeopardize trust in real-world applications such as summarization or human-machine interaction, motivating a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Julius Steen , Juri Opitz , Anette Frank , Katja Markert

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) heralds a pivotal shift in online user interactions with information. Traditional Information Retrieval (IR) systems primarily relied on query-document matching, whereas LLMs excel in comprehending…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Samira Ghodratnama , Mehrdad Zakershahrak

The remarkable performance of large language models (LLMs) in content generation, coding, and common-sense reasoning has spurred widespread integration into many facets of society. However, integration of LLMs raises valid questions on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Ola Shorinwa , Zhiting Mei , Justin Lidard , Allen Z. Ren , Anirudha Majumdar

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used for factual question-answering, it becomes more important for LLMs to have the capability to communicate the likelihood that their answer is correct. For these verbalized expressions of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Sophia Hager , David Mueller , Kevin Duh , Nicholas Andrews

Can large language models introspect, that is, accurately detect perturbations to their own internal states? We systematically investigate this question using activation steering in Meta-Llama-3.1-8B-Instruct. First, we show that the binary…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Ely Hahami , Ishaan Sinha , Lavik Jain , Josh Kaplan , Jon Hahami

Continuing advances in Large Language Models (LLMs) in artificial intelligence offer important capacities in intuitively accessing and using medical knowledge in many contexts, including education and training as well as assessment and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Roma Shusterman , Allison C. Waters , Shannon O`Neill , Phan Luu , Don M. Tucker

Large language models are increasingly relied upon as sources of information, but their propensity for generating false or misleading statements with high confidence poses risks for users and society. In this paper, we confront the critical…

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel in text generation, reasoning, and decision-making, enabling their adoption in high-stakes domains such as healthcare, law, and transportation. However, their reliability is a major concern, as they often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Xiaoou Liu , Tiejin Chen , Longchao Da , Chacha Chen , Zhen Lin , Hua Wei

Despite recent concerns about undesirable behaviors generated by large language models (LLMs), including non-factual, biased, and hateful language, we find LLMs are inherent multi-task language checkers based on their latent representations…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Tianhua Zhang , Hongyin Luo , Yung-Sung Chuang , Wei Fang , Luc Gaitskell , Thomas Hartvigsen , Xixin Wu , Danny Fox , Helen Meng , James Glass

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have become fundamental to a broad spectrum of artificial intelligence applications. As the use of LLMs expands, precisely estimating the uncertainty in their predictions has become crucial.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Mohammad Beigi , Sijia Wang , Ying Shen , Zihao Lin , Adithya Kulkarni , Jianfeng He , Feng Chen , Ming Jin , Jin-Hee Cho , Dawei Zhou , Chang-Tien Lu , Lifu Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable capabilities in text understanding and generation. However, their tendency to produce factually inconsistent outputs, commonly referred to as ''hallucinations'', remains a critical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Dingwei Chen , Ziqiang Liu , Feiteng Fang , Chak Tou Leong , Shiwen Ni , Ahmadreza Argha , Hamid Alinejad-Rokny , Min Yang , Chengming Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) have gained significant popularity in recent years for their ability to answer questions in various fields. However, these models have a tendency to "hallucinate" their responses, making it challenging to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Elizaveta Reganova , Peter Steinbach

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across various real-world tasks. However, they often struggle to fully comprehend and effectively utilize their input contexts, resulting in responses that are unfaithful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-18 Qingru Zhang , Xiaodong Yu , Chandan Singh , Xiaodong Liu , Liyuan Liu , Jianfeng Gao , Tuo Zhao , Dan Roth , Hao Cheng

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in various natural language processing tasks, yet they often struggle with maintaining factual accuracy, particularly in knowledge-intensive domains like healthcare. This study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Hieu Tran , Junda Wang , Yujan Ting , Weijing Huang , Terrence Chen

Modern Network Intrusion Detection Systems generate vast volumes of low-level alerts, yet these outputs remain semantically fragmented, requiring labor-intensive manual correlation with high-level adversarial behaviors. Existing solutions…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Fanchao Meng , Jiaping Gui , Yunbo Li , Yue Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities in performing complex cognitive tasks. However, their complexity and lack of transparency have raised several trustworthiness concerns, including the propagation of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Satyapriya Krishna

Large Language Models (LLMs), characterized by being trained on broad amounts of data in a self-supervised manner, have shown impressive performance across a wide range of tasks. Indeed, their generative abilities have aroused interest on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Jorge García-Carrasco , Alejandro Maté , Juan Trujillo

Rational speakers are supposed to know what they know and what they do not know, and to generate expressions matching the strength of evidence. In contrast, it is still a challenge for current large language models to generate corresponding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Meng Li , Michael Vrazitulis , David Schlangen

We investigate the internal behavior of Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) when they generate factually incorrect text. We propose modeling factual queries as constraint satisfaction problems and use this framework to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Mert Yuksekgonul , Varun Chandrasekaran , Erik Jones , Suriya Gunasekar , Ranjita Naik , Hamid Palangi , Ece Kamar , Besmira Nushi
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