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Procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) in games involves using machine learning techniques to create game content such as maps and levels. 2D tile-based game levels have consistently served as a standard dataset for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Mahsa Bazzaz , Seth Cooper

Several families of continual learning techniques have been proposed to alleviate catastrophic interference in deep neural network training on non-stationary data. However, a comprehensive comparison and analysis of limitations remains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-14 Timm Hess , Martin Mundt , Iuliia Pliushch , Visvanathan Ramesh

Procedural content generation (PCG) is of great interest to game design and development as it generates game content automatically. Motivated by the recent learning-based PCG framework and other existing PCG works, we propose an alternative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2015-11-03 Peizhi Shi , Ke Chen

Procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) has demonstrated its usefulness as a content and game creation approach, and has been shown to be able to support human creativity. An important facet of creativity is combinational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-18 Sam Snodgrass , Anurag Sarkar

Mixed-initiative Procedural Content Generation (PCG) refers to tools or systems in which a human designer works with an algorithm to produce game content. This area of research remains relatively under-explored, with the majority of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2021-10-11 Matthew Guzdial , Nathan Sturtevant , Carolyn Yang

Procedural content generation (PCG) has made substantial progress in shaping static 2D/3D geometry, while most methods treat gameplay mechanics as auxiliary and optimize only over space. We argue that this limits controllability and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Kaijie Xu , Clark Verbrugge

Recent advances in deep learning have significantly enhanced generative AI capabilities across text, images, and audio. However, automatically evaluating the quality of these generated outputs presents ongoing challenges. Although numerous…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Tian Lan , Yang-Hao Zhou , Zi-Ao Ma , Fanshu Sun , Rui-Qing Sun , Junyu Luo , Rong-Cheng Tu , Heyan Huang , Chen Xu , Zhijing Wu , Xian-Ling Mao

With growing interest in Procedural Content Generation (PCG) it becomes increasingly important to develop methods and tools for evaluating and comparing alternative systems. There is a particular lack regarding the evaluation of generative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-09-12 Jean-Baptiste Hervé , Oliver Withington , Marion Hervé , Laurissa Tokarchuk , Christoph Salge

Recent procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) methods allow learning from existing content to produce similar content automatically. While these approaches are able to generate content for different games (e.g. Super…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-05-27 Vanessa Volz , Niels Justesen , Sam Snodgrass , Sahar Asadi , Sami Purmonen , Christoffer Holmgård , Julian Togelius , Sebastian Risi

Machine learning for procedural content generation has recently become an active area of research. Levels vary in both form and function and are mostly unrelated to each other across games. This has made it difficult to assemble suitably…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-08-11 Philip Bontrager , Julian Togelius

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has advanced significantly in recent years. The complexity of RAG systems, which involve multiple components-such as indexing, retrieval, and generation-along with numerous other parameters, poses…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-08 Lorenz Brehme , Thomas Ströhle , Ruth Breu

Reward design plays a pivotal role in the training of game AIs, requiring substantial domain-specific knowledge and human effort. In recent years, several studies have explored reward generation for training game agents and controlling…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 In-Chang Baek , Sung-Hyun Kim , Sam Earle , Zehua Jiang , Jin-Ha Noh , Julian Togelius , Kyung-Joong Kim

Machine learning has been a popular tool in many different fields, including procedural content generation. However, procedural content generation via machine learning (PCGML) approaches can struggle with controllability and coherence. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-28 Kynan Sorochan , Jerry Chen , Yakun Yu , Matthew Guzdial

Expressive range analysis is a visualization-based technique used to evaluate the performance of generative models, particularly in game level generation. It typically employs two quantifiable metrics to position generated artifacts on a 2D…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Mahsa Bazzaz , Seth Cooper

People enjoy encounters with generative software, but rarely are they encouraged to interact with, understand or engage with it. In this paper we define the term 'PCG-based game', and explain how this concept follows on from the idea of an…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-10-12 Michael Cook , Mirjam Eladhari , Andy Nealen , Mike Treanor , Eddy Boxerman , Alex Jaffe , Paul Sottosanti , Steve Swink

In the rapidly evolving domain of Natural Language Generation (NLG) evaluation, introducing Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened new avenues for assessing generated content quality, e.g., coherence, creativity, and context relevance.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-13 Zhen Li , Xiaohan Xu , Tao Shen , Can Xu , Jia-Chen Gu , Yuxuan Lai , Chongyang Tao , Shuai Ma

While the games industry is moving towards procedural content generation (PCG) with tools available under popular platforms such as Unreal, Unity or Houdini, and video game titles like No Man's Sky and Horizon Zero Dawn taking advantage of…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Gorm Lai , William Latham , Frederic Fol Leymarie

Procedural terrain generation for video games has been traditionally been done with smartly designed but handcrafted algorithms that generate heightmaps. We propose a first step toward the learning and synthesis of these using recent…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-07-12 Christopher Beckham , Christopher Pal

Procedural content generation (PCG) concerns all sorts of algorithms and tools which automatically produce game content, without requiring manual authoring by game artists. Besides generating com-plex static meshes, the PCG core usually…

Graphics · Computer Science 2018-08-02 Anthony Savidis

The problem of ranking is a multi-billion dollar problem. In this paper we present an overview of several production quality ranking systems. We show that due to conflicting goals of employing the most effective machine learning models and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2019-07-30 Murium Iqbal , Nishan Subedi , Kamelia Aryafar