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Counterfactual explanation is a form of interpretable machine learning that generates perturbations on a sample to achieve the desired outcome. The generated samples can act as instructions to guide end users on how to observe the desired…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Tri Dung Duong , Qian Li , Guandong Xu

Counterfactual explanation is one branch of interpretable machine learning that produces a perturbation sample to change the model's original decision. The generated samples can act as a recommendation for end-users to achieve their desired…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-28 Tri Dung Duong , Qian Li , Guandong Xu

Counterfactual explanations enhance interpretability by identifying alternative inputs that produce different outputs, offering localized insights into model decisions. However, traditional methods often neglect causal relationships,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Pouria Fatemi , Ehsan Sharifian , Mohammad Hossein Yassaee

Deep learning models in computer vision have made remarkable progress, but their lack of transparency and interpretability remains a challenge. The development of explainable AI can enhance the understanding and performance of these models.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Bismillah Khan , Syed Ali Tariq , Tehseen Zia , Muhammad Ahsan , David Windridge

Counterfactual instances are a powerful tool to obtain valuable insights into automated decision processes, describing the necessary minimal changes in the input space to alter the prediction towards a desired target. Most previous…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Robert-Florian Samoilescu , Arnaud Van Looveren , Janis Klaise

Counterfactual reasoning, a hallmark of intelligence, consists of three steps: inferring latent variables from observations (abduction), constructing alternatives (interventions), and predicting their outcomes (prediction). This skill is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Aniket Vashishtha , Qirun Dai , Hongyuan Mei , Amit Sharma , Chenhao Tan , Hao Peng

In machine learning, it is common to obtain multiple equally performing models for the same prediction task, e.g., when training neural networks with different random seeds. Model multiplicity (MM) is the situation which arises when these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Junqi Jiang , Antonio Rago , Francesco Leofante , Francesca Toni

Explanations play a variety of roles in various recommender systems, from a legally mandated afterthought, through an integral element of user experience, to a key to persuasiveness. A natural and useful form of an explanation is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Jakub Černý , Jiří Němeček , Ivan Dovica , Jakub Mareček

Counterfactual explanations (CE) are the de facto method for providing insights into black-box decision-making models by identifying alternative inputs that lead to different outcomes. However, existing CE approaches, including group and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Lei You , Lele Cao , Mattias Nilsson , Bo Zhao , Lei Lei

Counterfactual explanations (CFEs) provide human-centric interpretability by identifying the minimal, actionable changes required to alter a machine learning model's prediction. Therefore, CFs can be used as (i) interventions for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Shovito Barua Soumma , Asiful Arefeen , Stephanie M. Carpenter , Melanie Hingle , Hassan Ghasemzadeh

Counterfactual explanations have become a mainstay of the XAI field. This particularly intuitive statement allows the user to understand what small but necessary changes would have to be made to a given situation in order to change a model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Victor Guyomard , Françoise Fessant , Thomas Guyet , Tassadit Bouadi , Alexandre Termier

Causal excursion effect (CEE) characterizes the effect of an intervention under policies that deviate from the experimental policy. It is widely used to study the effect of time-varying interventions that have the potential to be frequently…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-14 Zhaoxi Cheng , Lauren Bell , Tianchen Qian

Explanations are an important tool for gaining insights into the behavior of ML models, calibrating user trust and ensuring regulatory compliance. Past few years have seen a flurry of post-hoc methods for generating model explanations, many…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Zahra Dehghanighobadi , Asja Fischer , Muhammad Bilal Zafar

We introduce new inference procedures for counterfactual and synthetic control methods for policy evaluation. We recast the causal inference problem as a counterfactual prediction and a structural breaks testing problem. This allows us to…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-01-26 Victor Chernozhukov , Kaspar Wüthrich , Yinchu Zhu

In recent years, explaining decisions made by complex machine learning models has become essential in high-stakes domains such as energy systems, healthcare, finance, and autonomous systems. However, the reliability of these explanations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Poushali Sengupta , Sabita Maharjan , Frank Eliassen , Shashi Raj Pandey , Yan Zhang

Counterfactual explanations are widely used to interpret machine learning predictions by identifying minimal changes to input features that would alter a model's decision. However, most existing counterfactual methods have not been tested…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Leonidas Christodoulou , Chang Sun

Counterfactual explanations inform ways to achieve a desired outcome from a machine learning model. However, such explanations are not robust to certain real-world changes in the underlying model (e.g., retraining the model, changing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Sanghamitra Dutta , Jason Long , Saumitra Mishra , Cecilia Tilli , Daniele Magazzeni

Recent studies have revealed that grammatical error correction methods in the sequence-to-sequence paradigm are vulnerable to adversarial attack, and simply utilizing adversarial examples in the pre-training or post-training process can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Zecheng Tang , Kaifeng Qi , Juntao Li , Min Zhang

A highly accurate but overconfident model is ill-suited for deployment in critical applications such as healthcare and autonomous driving. The classification outcome should reflect a high uncertainty on ambiguous in-distribution samples…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-25 Sumedha Singla , Nihal Murali , Forough Arabshahi , Sofia Triantafyllou , Kayhan Batmanghelich

Simulation can evaluate a statistical method for properties such as Type I Error, FDR, or bias on a grid of hypothesized parameter values. But what about the gaps between the grid-points? Continuous Simulation Extension (CSE) is a…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-09-10 James Yang , T. Ben Thompson , Michael Sklar