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Counterfactual explanations have been widely studied in explainability, with a range of application dependent methods prominent in fairness, recourse and model understanding. The major shortcoming associated with these methods, however, is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Dan Ley , Saumitra Mishra , Daniele Magazzeni

Counterfactual explanation is an important Explainable AI technique to explain machine learning predictions. Despite being studied actively, existing optimization-based methods often assume that the underlying machine-learning model is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-01 Wenzhuo Yang , Jia Li , Caiming Xiong , Steven C. H. Hoi

As the demand for interpretable machine learning approaches continues to grow, there is an increasing necessity for human involvement in providing informative explanations for model decisions. This is necessary for building trust and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Peiyu Li , Omar Bahri , Pouya Hosseinzadeh , Soukaïna Filali Boubrahimi , Shah Muhammad Hamdi

By locally encoding raw data into intermediate features, collaborative inference enables end users to leverage powerful deep learning models without exposure of sensitive raw data to cloud servers. However, recent studies have revealed that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Song Xia , Yi Yu , Wenhan Yang , Meiwen Ding , Zhuo Chen , Ling-Yu Duan , Alex C. Kot , Xudong Jiang

Automated deduction seeks to enable machines to reason with mathematical precision and logical completeness. Classical resolution-based systems, such as Prover9, E, and Vampire, rely on binary inference, which inherently limits multi-clause…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Yang Xu , Xingxing He , Shuwei Chen , Jun Liu , Xiaomei Zhong

While recent years have witnessed the emergence of various explainable methods in machine learning, to what degree the explanations really represent the reasoning process behind the model prediction -- namely, the faithfulness of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-07 Yingqiang Ge , Shuchang Liu , Zelong Li , Shuyuan Xu , Shijie Geng , Yunqi Li , Juntao Tan , Fei Sun , Yongfeng Zhang

Counterfactual explanations (CEs) provide recourse recommendations for individuals affected by algorithmic decisions. A key challenge is generating CEs that are robust against various perturbation types (e.g. input and model perturbations)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Junqi Jiang , Francesco Leofante , Antonio Rago , Francesca Toni

Causal Abstraction (CA) theory provides a principled framework for relating causal models that describe the same system at different levels of granularity while ensuring interventional consistency between them. Recent methods for learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Yorgos Felekis , Theodoros Damoulas , Paris Giampouras

We propose an architecture for training generative models of counterfactual conditionals of the form, 'can we modify event A to cause B instead of C?', motivated by applications in robot control. Using an 'adversarial training' paradigm, an…

Robotics · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Simón C. Smith , Subramanian Ramamoorthy

To increase the adoption of counterfactual explanations in practice, several criteria that these should adhere to have been put forward in the literature. We propose counterfactual explanations using optimization with constraint learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-15 Donato Maragno , Tabea E. Röber , Ilker Birbil

Counterfactual explanations (CFE) are being widely used to explain algorithmic decisions, especially in consequential decision-making contexts (e.g., loan approval or pretrial bail). In this context, CFEs aim to provide individuals affected…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-09 Kiarash Mohammadi , Amir-Hossein Karimi , Gilles Barthe , Isabel Valera

The Certainty Equivalent heuristic (CE) is a widely-used algorithm for various dynamic resource allocation problems in OR and OM. Despite its popularity, existing theoretical guarantees of CE are limited to settings satisfying restrictive…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-02-14 Yilun Chen , Wenjia Wang

Machine learning (ML) methods have experienced significant growth in the past decade, yet their practical application in high-impact real-world domains has been hindered by their opacity. When ML methods are responsible for making critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Xiangyu Sun , Raquel Aoki , Kevin H. Wilson

Predictive models are being increasingly used to support consequential decision making at the individual level in contexts such as pretrial bail and loan approval. As a result, there is increasing social and legal pressure to provide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-02 Amir-Hossein Karimi , Gilles Barthe , Borja Balle , Isabel Valera

Counterfactual explanations are a widely used approach in Explainable AI, offering actionable insights into decision-making by illustrating how small changes to input data can lead to different outcomes. Despite their importance, evaluating…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Marharyta Domnich , Rasmus Moorits Veski , Julius Välja , Kadi Tulver , Raul Vicente

Recently, interpretable models called self-explaining models (SEMs) have been proposed with the goal of providing interpretability robustness. We evaluate the interpretability robustness of SEMs and show that explanations provided by SEMs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-03 Haizhong Zheng , Earlence Fernandes , Atul Prakash

Transparency is a fundamental requirement for decision making systems when these should be deployed in the real world. It is usually achieved by providing explanations of the system's behavior. A prominent and intuitive type of explanations…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-07-23 André Artelt , Valerie Vaquet , Riza Velioglu , Fabian Hinder , Johannes Brinkrolf , Malte Schilling , Barbara Hammer

Confidence estimation (CE) indicates how reliable the answers of large language models are and impacts user trust and decision-making. Existing evaluations mainly concern the alignment between confidence and correctness, but ignore the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yuxi Xia , Dennis Ulmer , Terra Blevins , Yihong Liu , Hinrich Schütze , Benjamin Roth

Post-hoc explanation methods are used with the intent of providing insights about neural networks and are sometimes said to help engender trust in their outputs. However, popular explanations methods have been found to be fragile to minor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-19 Matthew Wicker , Juyeon Heo , Luca Costabello , Adrian Weller

We present a new method for counterfactual explanations (CFEs) based on Bayesian optimisation that applies to both classification and regression models. Our method is a globally convergent search algorithm with support for arbitrary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-30 Thomas Spooner , Danial Dervovic , Jason Long , Jon Shepard , Jiahao Chen , Daniele Magazzeni