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Cloud service providers have launched Machine-Learning-as-a-Service (MLaaS) platforms to allow users to access large-scale cloudbased models via APIs. In addition to prediction outputs, these APIs can also provide other information in a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-05-16 Yongjie Wang , Hangwei Qian , Chunyan Miao

Unsupervised anomaly detection and localization is crucial to the practical application when collecting and labeling sufficient anomaly data is infeasible. Most existing representation-based approaches extract normal image features with a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-17 Jiawei Yu , Ye Zheng , Xiang Wang , Wei Li , Yushuang Wu , Rui Zhao , Liwei Wu

There is a broad consensus on the importance of deep learning models in tasks involving complex data. Often, an adequate understanding of these models is required when focusing on the transparency of decisions in human-critical…

Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) has demonstrated promising capability in solving complex control problems. However, DRL applications in safety-critical systems are hindered by the inherent lack of robust verification techniques to assure…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Amir Samadi , Konstantinos Koufos , Kurt Debattista , Mehrdad Dianati

Counterfactual explanations have emerged as a prominent method in Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), providing intuitive and actionable insights into Machine Learning model decisions. In contrast to other traditional feature…

The complexity of state-of-the-art modeling techniques for image classification impedes the ability to explain model predictions in an interpretable way. Existing explanation methods generally create importance rankings in terms of pixels…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-17 Tom Vermeire , David Martens

Counterfactual instances offer human-interpretable insight into the local behaviour of machine learning models. We propose a general framework to generate sparse, in-distribution counterfactual model explanations which match a desired…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Arnaud Van Looveren , Janis Klaise , Giovanni Vacanti , Oliver Cobb

State-of-the-art data stream mining has long drawn from ensembles of the Very Fast Decision Tree, a seminal algorithm honored with the 2015 KDD Test-of-Time Award. However, the emergence of large tabular models, i.e., transformers designed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Afonso Lourenço , João Gama , Eric P. Xing , Goreti Marreiros

Due to the increasing use of Machine Learning models in high stakes decision making settings, it has become increasingly important to have tools to understand how models arrive at decisions. Assuming a trained Supervised Classification…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-20 Emilio Carrizosa , Jasone Ramírez-Ayerbe , Dolores Romero Morales

We address the challenge of forecasting counterfactual outcomes in a panel data with missing entries and temporally dependent latent factors -- a common scenario in causal inference, where estimating unobserved potential outcomes ahead of…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-03 Navonil Deb , Raaz Dwivedi , Sumanta Basu

Predicting potential and counterfactual outcomes from observational data is central to individualized decision-making, particularly in clinical settings where treatment choices must be tailored to each patient rather than guided solely by…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-16 Dongze Wu , David I. Inouye , Yao Xie

Explainability for machine learning models has gained considerable attention within the research community given the importance of deploying more reliable machine-learning systems. In computer vision applications, generative counterfactual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-12 Pau Rodriguez , Massimo Caccia , Alexandre Lacoste , Lee Zamparo , Issam Laradji , Laurent Charlin , David Vazquez

Predictive models can fail to generalize from training to deployment environments because of dataset shift, posing a threat to model reliability and the safety of downstream decisions made in practice. Instead of using samples from the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-08-10 Adarsh Subbaswamy , Suchi Saria

Counterfactual explanations provide ways of achieving a favorable model outcome with minimum input perturbation. However, counterfactual explanations can also be leveraged to reconstruct the model by strategically training a surrogate model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Pasan Dissanayake , Sanghamitra Dutta

Counterfactual explanations represent the minimal change to a data sample that alters its predicted classification, typically from an unfavorable initial class to a desired target class. Counterfactuals help answer questions such as "what…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Brian Barr , Matthew R. Harrington , Samuel Sharpe , C. Bayan Bruss

This paper is a note on new directions and methodologies for validation and explanation of Machine Learning (ML) models employed for retail credit scoring in finance. Our proposed framework draws motivation from the field of Artificial…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-09-01 Masoud Hashemi , Ali Fathi

Disentangled representation learning aims to capture the underlying explanatory factors of observed data, enabling a principled understanding of the data-generating process. Recent advances in generative modeling have introduced new…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Jinjin Chi , Taoping Liu , Mengtao Yin , Ximing Li , Yongcheng Jing , Jialie Shen , Leszek Rutkowski , Dacheng Tao

We propose a novel training regime termed counterfactual training that leverages counterfactual explanations to increase the explanatory capacity of models. Counterfactual explanations have emerged as a popular post-hoc explanation method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Patrick Altmeyer , Aleksander Buszydlik , Arie van Deursen , Cynthia C. S. Liem

Deep Clustering (DC) has emerged as a powerful tool for tabular data analysis in real-world domains like finance and healthcare. However, most existing methods rely on data-level statistical co-occurrence to infer the latent metric space,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Mingjie Zhao , Yunfan Zhang , Yiqun Zhang , Yiu-ming Cheung

In the environment of fair lending laws and the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the ability to explain a model's prediction is of paramount importance. High quality explanations are the first step in assessing fairness.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-23 Rachana Balasubramanian , Samuel Sharpe , Brian Barr , Jason Wittenbach , C. Bayan Bruss
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