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Quantum Error Correction (QEC) is essential for fault-tolerant quantum copmutation, and its implementation is a very sophisticated process involving both quantum and classical hardware. Formulating and verifying the decomposition of logical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-30 Anbang Wu , Gushu Li , Hezi Zhang , Gian Giacomo Guerreschi , Yuan Xie , Yufei Ding

Mitigating errors in computing and communication systems has seen a great deal of research since the beginning of the widespread use of these technologies. However, as we develop new methods to do computation or communication, we also need…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-20 Oliver Weissl , Evgenii Egorov

Quantum Error Correction (QEC) is a cornerstone of fault-tolerant, large-scale quantum computing. However, qubit error drift significantly degrades QEC performance over time, necessitating periodic calibration. Traditional calibration…

Squeezed cat quantum error correction (QEC) codes have garnered attention because of their robustness against photon-loss and excitation errors while maintaining the biased-noise property of cat codes. In this work, we reveal the utility of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-02 Tomohiro Shitara , Gabriel Mintzer , Yuuki Tokunaga , Suguru Endo

Exploring an efficient and scalable architecture of fault-tolerant quantum computing (FTQC) is vital for demonstrating useful quantum computing. Here, we propose and evaluate a scalable and practical architecture with a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-29 Rui Asaoka , Yasunari Suzuki , Yuuki Tokunaga

Lattice surgery is a leading approach for implementing fault-tolerant logical operations in surface code quantum computing, but compiling efficient lattice surgery layouts remains challenging. Existing compilers are largely circuit-centric…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Junyu Zhou , Yuhao Liu , Ethan Decker , Justin Kalloor , Mathias Weiden , Kean Chen , Costin Iancu , Gushu Li

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for realizing scalable quantum computation. However, when evaluating its benefits, most analyses assume idealized components, overlooking the imperfections inherent in realistic fault-tolerant…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-26 Lorenzo Valentini , Diego Forlivesi , Marco Chiani

The surface code is one of the most promising candidates for combating errors in large scale fault-tolerant quantum computation. A fault-tolerant decoder is a vital part of the error correction process---it is the algorithm which computes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-15 Fern H. E. Watson , Hussain Anwar , Dan E. Browne

The construction of a quantum computer remains a fundamental scientific and technological challenge, in particular due to unavoidable noise. Quantum states and operations can be protected from errors using protocols for fault-tolerant…

Quantum computers have the possibility of a much reduced calculation load compared with classical computers in specific problems. Quantum error correction (QEC) is vital for handling qubits, which are vulnerable to external noise. In QEC,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Hideo Mukai , Hoshitaro Ohnishi

Neutral atom technologies have opened the door to novel theoretical advances in surface-code protocols for fault-tolerant quantum computation (FTQC), offering a compelling alternative to lattice surgery by leveraging transversal gates.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-25 Shinichi Sunami , Akihisa Goban , Hayata Yamasaki

We analyze surface codes, the topological quantum error-correcting codes introduced by Kitaev. In these codes, qubits are arranged in a two-dimensional array on a surface of nontrivial topology, and encoded quantum operations are associated…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-07 Eric Dennis , Alexei Kitaev , Andrew Landahl , John Preskill

A fault-tolerant quantum computation requires an efficient means to detect and correct errors that accumulate in encoded quantum information. In the context of machine learning, neural networks are a promising new approach to quantum error…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-02-01 P. Baireuther , T. E. O'Brien , B. Tarasinski , C. W. J. Beenakker

Quantum error correction (QEC) is an essential element of physical quantum information processing systems. Most QEC efforts focus on extending classical error correction schemes to the quantum regime. The input to a noisy system is embedded…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Andrew S. Fletcher , Peter W. Shor , Moe Z. Win

Quantum error correction is crucial for protecting quantum information against decoherence. Traditional codes like the surface code require substantial overhead, making them impractical for near-term, early fault-tolerant devices. We…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-13 Nico Meyer , Christopher Mutschler , Andreas Maier , Daniel D. Scherer

Quantum error correction is a key ingredient for large scale quantum computation, protecting logical information from physical noise by encoding it into many physical qubits. Topological stabilizer codes are particularly appealing due to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-28 Hoang Viet Nguyen , Manh Hung Nguyen , Hoang Ta , Van Khu Vu , Yeow Meng Chee

Leakage of quantum information out of computational states into higher energy states represents a major challenge in the pursuit of quantum error correction (QEC). In a QEC circuit, leakage builds over time and spreads through multi-qubit…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-01 Kevin C. Miao , Matt McEwen , Juan Atalaya , Dvir Kafri , Leonid P. Pryadko , Andreas Bengtsson , Alex Opremcak , Kevin J. Satzinger , Zijun Chen , Paul V. Klimov , Chris Quintana , Rajeev Acharya , Kyle Anderson , Markus Ansmann , Frank Arute , Kunal Arya , Abraham Asfaw , Joseph C. Bardin , Alexandre Bourassa , Jenna Bovaird , Leon Brill , Bob B. Buckley , David A. Buell , Tim Burger , Brian Burkett , Nicholas Bushnell , Juan Campero , Ben Chiaro , Roberto Collins , Paul Conner , Alexander L. Crook , Ben Curtin , Dripto M. Debroy , Sean Demura , Andrew Dunsworth , Catherine Erickson , Reza Fatemi , Vinicius S. Ferreira , Leslie Flores Burgos , Ebrahim Forati , Austin G. Fowler , Brooks Foxen , Gonzalo Garcia , William Giang , Craig Gidney , Marissa Giustina , Raja Gosula , Alejandro Grajales Dau , Jonathan A. Gross , Michael C. Hamilton , Sean D. Harrington , Paula Heu , Jeremy Hilton , Markus R. Hoffmann , Sabrina Hong , Trent Huang , Ashley Huff , Justin Iveland , Evan Jeffrey , Zhang Jiang , Cody Jones , Julian Kelly , Seon Kim , Fedor Kostritsa , John Mark Kreikebaum , David Landhuis , Pavel Laptev , Lily Laws , Kenny Lee , Brian J. Lester , Alexander T. Lill , Wayne Liu , Aditya Locharla , Erik Lucero , Steven Martin , Anthony Megrant , Xiao Mi , Shirin Montazeri , Alexis Morvan , Ofer Naaman , Matthew Neeley , Charles Neill , Ani Nersisyan , Michael Newman , Jiun How Ng , Anthony Nguyen , Murray Nguyen , Rebecca Potter , Charles Rocque , Pedram Roushan , Kannan Sankaragomathi , Christopher Schuster , Michael J. Shearn , Aaron Shorter , Noah Shutty , Vladimir Shvarts , Jindra Skruzny , W. Clarke Smith , George Sterling , Marco Szalay , Douglas Thor , Alfredo Torres , Theodore White , Bryan W. K. Woo , Z. Jamie Yao , Ping Yeh , Juhwan Yoo , Grayson Young , Adam Zalcman , Ningfeng Zhu , Nicholas Zobrist , Hartmut Neven , Vadim Smelyanskiy , Andre Petukhov , Alexander N. Korotkov , Daniel Sank , Yu Chen

The surface code is a spin-1/2 lattice system that can exhibit non-trivial topological order when defects are punctured in the lattice and thus can be used as a stabiliser code. The protocols developed to create defects in the system have…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-16 Omar Raii , Anirban Dey , Florian Mintert , Daniel Burgarth

The surface code is a quantum error-correcting code for one logical qubit, protected by spatially localized parity checks in two dimensions. Due to fundamental constraints from spatial locality, storing more logical qubits requires either…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-15 Yifan Hong , Matteo Marinelli , Adam M. Kaufman , Andrew Lucas

Quantum error-correcting codes (QECCs) are necessary for fault-tolerant quantum computation. Surface codes are a class of topological QECCs that have attracted significant attention due to their exceptional error-correcting capabilities and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Jifan Liang , Qianfan Wang , Lvzhou Li , Xiao Ma