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Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) are emerging as a core component of future 6G communication systems, providing global connectivity and supporting data-intensive applications. In this paper, we propose a distributed hierarchical federated…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Amin Farajzadeh , Animesh Yadav , Halim Yanikomeroglu

Integrating Artificial Intelligence (AI) into Non-Terrestrial Networks (NTN) is constrained by the joint limits of satellite SWaP and feeder-link capacity, which directly impact O-RAN closed-loop control and model lifecycle management. This…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Daniele Tarchi

Accurate asset localization holds paramount importance across various industries, ranging from transportation management to search and rescue operations. In scenarios where traditional positioning equations cannot be adequately solved due…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-08 Alejandro Gonzalez-Garrido , Jorge Querol , Henk Wymeersch , Symeon Chatzinotas

Compared with the terrestrial networks (TN), which can only support limited coverage areas, low-earth orbit (LEO) satellites can provide seamless global coverage and high survivability in case of emergencies. Nevertheless, the swift…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-02 Jinxuan Chen , Mustafa Ozger , Cicek Cavdar

This paper proposes a novel split learning architecture designed to exploit the cyclical movement of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites in non-terrestrial networks (NTNs). Although existing research focuses on offloading tasks to the NTN…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Marc Martinez-Gost , Ana Pérez-Neira

With the rapid development of satellite communication technologies, the space-based access network has been envisioned as a promising complementary part of the future 6G network. Aside from terrestrial base stations, satellite nodes,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-07-26 Zhenyu Xiao , Junyi Yang , Tianqi Mao , Chong Xu , Rui Zhang , Zhu Han , Xiang-Gen Xia

This paper investigates the integration of Open Radio Access Network (O-RAN) within non-terrestrial networks (NTN), and optimizing the dynamic functional split between Centralized Units (CU) and Distributed Units (DU) for enhanced energy…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-09-04 S. M. Mahdi Shahabi , Xiaonan Deng , Ahmad Qidan , Taisir Elgorashi , Jaafar Elmirghani

Recently, a large number of Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites have been launched and deployed successfully in space by commercial companies, such as SpaceX. Due to multimodal sensors equipped by the LEO satellites, they serve not only for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-21 Zheng Lin , Zhe Chen , Zihan Fang , Xianhao Chen , Xiong Wang , Yue Gao

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite communications (SatCom) are considered a promising solution to provide uninterrupted services in cellular networks. Line-of-sight (LoS) links between the LEO satellites and the ground users are, however,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-01 Xiaowen Tian , Nuria Gonzalez-Prelcic , Takayuki Shimizu

Non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) increasingly rely on non-geostationary (NGSO) constellations that combine radio frequency (RF) feeder links (FLs) with free space optical (FSO) inter-satellite links (ISLs). Downlink performance in such…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-16 Abid Afridi , Alexis A. Dowhuszko , Jevgenij Krivochiza , Risto Wichman , Jyri Hämäläinen

Wireless underground sensor networks (WUSNs) offer significant social and economic benefits by enabling the monitoring of subterranean entities. However, the communication reliability of WUSNs diminishes in harsh environments where…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-08-28 Kaiqiang Lin , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

The emerging Cloud-RAN architecture within the fifth generation (5G) of wireless networks plays a vital role in enabling higher flexibility and granularity. On the other hand, Cloud-RAN architecture introduces an additional link between the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2019-05-01 Ghizlane Mountaser , Maliheh Mahlouji , Toktam Mahmoodi

This work evaluates the potential of High-Altitude Platform Stations (HAPS) and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites as alternative or complementary systems to enhance Internet of Things (IoT) connectivity. We first analyze the transmission…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Jean Michel de Souza Sant'Ana , Felipe Augusto Tondo , Nurul Huda Mahmood , Aamir Mahmood

The advent of the Internet of Things (IoT) era, where billions of devices and sensors are becoming more and more connected and ubiquitous, is putting a strain on traditional terrestrial networks, that may no longer be able to fulfill…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Dengke Wang , Alessandro Traspadini , Marco Giordani , Mohamed-Slim Alouini , Michele Zorzi

To overcome the challenges of ultra-low latency, ubiquitous coverage, and soaring data rates, this article presents a combined use of Near Field Communication (NFC) and Reconfigurable Holographic Surfaces (RHS) for Non-Terrestrial Networks…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Muhammad Ali Jamshed , Muhammad Ahmed Mohsin , Hongliang Zhang , Bushra Haq , Aryan Kaushik , Boya Di , Weiwei Jiang

Low Earth orbit (LEO) satellites are a promising technology for providing low-latency, high-data-rate, and wide-coverage communication services. However, with growing demand for data transmission, future non-terrestrial networks (NTNs)…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-14 Ziang Liu , Wonjae Shin , Bruno Clerckx

In this paper, we propose a terrestrial-satellite network (TSN) architecture to integrate the ultra-dense low earth orbit (LEO) networks and the terrestrial networks to achieve efficient data offloading. In TSN, each ground user can access…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2018-11-14 Boya Di , Hongliang Zhang , Lingyang Song , Yonghui Li , Geoffrey Ye Li

The contemporary landscape of wireless technology underscores the critical role of precise localization services. Traditional global navigation satellite systems (GNSS)-based solutions, however, fall short when it comes to indoor…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-14 Pinjun Zheng , Xing Liu , Yuchen Zhang , Jiguang He , Gonzalo Seco-Granados , Tareq Y. Al-Naffouri

Despite significant advancements in terrestrial networks, inherent limitations persist in providing reliable coverage to remote areas and maintaining resilience during natural disasters. Multi-tier networks with low Earth orbit (LEO)…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Jiahui Li , Geng Sun , Zemin Sun , Jiacheng Wang , Yinqiu Liu , Ruichen Zhang , Dusit Niyato , Shiwen Mao

The evolution of telecommunication network towards cloud-native environments enables flexible centralization of the base band processing of radio signals. There is however a trade-off between the centralization benefits and the fronthaul…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-01-13 Veronica Quintuna Rodriguez , Fabrice Guillemin , Alexandre Ferrieux , Laurent Thomas