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The rise in residential photovoltaics and other distributed energy sources poses unprecedented challenges for the operation of power distribution grids. When high amounts of active power are injected into the grid by such power sources, the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-01 Jonas G. Matt , Lukas Ortmann , Saverio Bolognani , Florian Dörfler

Power electronic converters are fundamental building blocks of both AC and DC microgrids, enabling the integration of renewable energy sources, energy storage systems, electronic loads, and electric vehicles. In contrast, converter control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-30 Jovan Krajacic , Ognjen Stanojev , Mario Schweizer , Orcun Karaca , Gabriela Hug , Vladan Lazarević

DC microgrids are converter-based electrical networks that are increasingly being used in various applications, including data centers and industrial distribution systems. A central challenge in their operation is maintaining the DC-bus…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-30 Jovan Krajacic , Ognjen Stanojev , Mario Schweizer , Orcun Karaca , Gabriela Hug , Vladan Lazarević

In inverse optimal control, the optimality of a given feedback stabilizing controller is a byproduct of the choice of a meaningful, a posteriori defined, cost functional. This allows for a simple tuning comparable to linear quadratic…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-05-30 Taouba Jouini , Anders Rantzer , Emma Tegling

Boundary feedback control design is studied for 1D hyperbolic systems with an in-domain disturbance and a boundary feedback controller under the effect of actuator saturation. Nonlinear semigroup theory is used to prove well-posedness of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-05-18 Suha Shreim , Francesco Ferrante , Christophe Prieur

Recent work has proposed a universal framework that integrates the well-established power synchronization control into vector current control. Using this controller for the parallel operation of grid-forming converters, and/or with loads…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-23 Orcun Karaca , Irina Subotic , Lennart Harnefors , Ioannis Tsoumas

In this paper, we propose a projection-free power-limiting droop control for grid-connected power electronics and an associated constrained flow problem. In contrast to projection-based power-limiting droop control, the novel…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-19 Amirhossein Iraniparast , Dominic Groß

An inevitable consequence of the global power system transition towards nearly 100% renewable-based generation is the loss of conventional bulk generation by synchronous machines, their inertia, and accompanying frequency and voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-03-11 Ali Tayyebi , Dominic Groß , Adolfo Anta , Friederich Kupzog , Florian Dörfler

The active and reactive power controllers of grid-forming converters are traditionally designed separately, which relies on the assumption of loop decoupling. This paper proposes a full-state feedback control for the power loops of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-13 Meng Chen , Dao Zhou , Frede Blaabjerg

This paper proposes a novel two-layer Volt/VAR control (VVC) framework to regulate the voltage profiles across an unbalanced active distribution system, which achieves both the efficient open-loop optimization and accurate closed-loop…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-12-25 Yifei Guo , Qianzhi Zhang , Zhaoyu Wang , Fankun Bu , Yuxuan Yuan

The energy mix of future power systems will include high shares of wind power and solar PV. These generation facilities are generally connected via power-electronic inverters. While conventional generation responds dynamically to the state…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-31 Philipp C. Böttcher , Leonardo Rydin Gorjão , Dirk Witthaut

Grid-forming (GFM) inverter-based resources (IBRs) are capable of emulating the external characteristics of synchronous generators (SGs) through the careful design of the control loops. However, the current limiter in the control loops of…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-12-12 Yanshu Niu , Zhe Yang , Bikash C. Pal

In this paper we study theoretical properties of inverter-based microgrids controlled via primary and secondary loops. Stability of these microgrids has been the subject of a number of recent studies. Conventional approaches based on…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2014-09-17 Rahmat Heidari , Maria Seron , Julio Braslavsky

In this paper, we propose a novel four-stage distributed controller for a DC microgrid that achieves power sharing and average voltage regulation for the voltages at actuated and unactuated buses. The controller is presented for a DC…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-02-01 Albertus Johannes Malan , Pol Jané-Soniera , Felix Strehle , Sören Hohmann

Microgrids are increasingly recognized as a key technology for the integration of distributed energy resources into the power network, allowing local clusters of load and distributed energy resources to operate autonomously. However,…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-06-22 Jeremy Watson , Yemi Ojo , Khaled Laib , Ioannis Lestas

This paper outlines reduced-order models for grid-forming virtual-oscillator-controlled inverters with nested current- and voltage-control loops, and current-limiting action for over-current protection. While a variety of model-reduction…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-05-24 Olaoluwapo Ajala , Minghui Lu , Brian Johnson , Sairaj Dhople , Alejandro Domínguez-García

This paper proposes an original solution to input saturation and dead zone of fractional order system. To overcome these nonsmooth nonlinearities, the control input is decomposed into two independent parts by introducing an intermediate…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-12-20 Dian Sheng , Yiheng Wei , Songsong Cheng , Yong Wang

Volt/var control (VVC) of smart PV inverter is becoming one of the most popular solutions to address the voltage challenges associated with high PV penetration. This work focuses on the local droop VVC recommended by the grid integration…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-10-30 Ankit Singhal , Venkataramana Ajjarapu , Jason. C. Fuller , Jacob Hansen

DC microgrids are becoming popular as effective means to integrate various renewable energy resources. Constant power loads (CPLs) may yield instability due to the negative impedance characteristic. This paper analyzes the stability of the…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Zhangjie Liu , Mei Su , Yao Sun , Hua Han , Xiaochao Hou , Josep M. Guerrero

When grid-forming (GFM) inverter-based resources (IBRs) face severe grid disturbances (e.g., short-circuit faults), the current limitation mechanism may be triggered. Consequently, the GFM IBRs enter the current-saturation mode, inducing…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-02 Ali Arjomandi-Nezhad , Yifei Guo , Bikash C. Pal , Guangya Yang