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Active Test-Time Adaptation (ATTA) improves model robustness under domain shift by selectively querying human annotations at deployment, but existing methods use heuristic uncertainty measures and suffer from low data selection efficiency,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Tingyu Shi , Fan Lyu , Shaoliang Peng

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) aims to adapt models to sequentially changing domains during testing, relying on pseudo-labels for self-adaptation. However, incorrect pseudo-labels can accumulate, leading to performance degradation.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Fan Lyu , Hanyu Zhao , Ziqi Shi , Ye Liu , Fuyuan Hu , Zhang Zhang , Liang Wang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) intends to adapt the pretrained model to test distributions with only unlabeled test data streams. Most of the previous TTA methods have achieved great success on simple test data streams such as independently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-27 Longhui Yuan , Binhui Xie , Shuang Li

Multivariate time-series anomaly detection (MTSAD) aims to identify deviations from normality in multivariate time-series and is critical in real-world applications. However, in real-world deployments, distribution shifts are ubiquitous and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-03 HyunGi Kim , Jisoo Mok , Hyungyu Lee , Juhyeon Shin , Sungroh Yoon

Test-time adaptation (TTA) updates models during inference to reduce error on distribution shifts. While entropy minimization over the output distribution has proven effective as a TTA loss, we study using the intermediate distributions…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yash Mali , Evan Shelhamer

Test-Time adaptation (TTA) has proven effective in mitigating performance drops under single-domain distribution shifts by updating model parameters during inference. However, real-world deployments often involve mixed distribution shifts,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Xiao Fan , Jingyan Jiang , Zhaoru Chen , Fanding Huang , Xiao Chen , Qinting Jiang , Bowen Zhang , Xing Tang , Zhi Wang

Test-time adaptation (TTA) may fail to improve or even harm the model performance when test data have: 1) mixed distribution shifts, 2) small batch sizes, 3) online imbalanced label distribution shifts. This is often a key obstacle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Shuaicheng Niu , Guohao Chen , Deyu Chen , Yifan Zhang , Jiaxiang Wu , Zhiquan Wen , Yaofo Chen , Peilin Zhao , Chunyan Miao , Mingkui Tan

This paper pioneers a novel data-centric paradigm to maximize the utility of unlabeled data, tackling a critical question: How can we enhance the efficiency and sustainability of deep learning training by optimizing the data itself? We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Xinyi Shang , Peng Sun , Fengyuan Liu , Tao Lin

Text-based person search faces inherent limitations due to data scarcity, driven by stringent privacy constraints and the high cost of manual annotation. To mitigate this, existing methods usually rely on a Pretrain-then-Finetune paradigm,…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Jiahao Zhang , Shaofei Huang , Yaxiong Wang , Zhedong Zheng

Machine learning models must continuously self-adjust themselves for novel data distribution in the open world. As the predominant principle, entropy minimization (EM) has been proven to be a simple yet effective cornerstone in existing…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-10-16 Qingyang Zhang , Yatao Bian , Xinke Kong , Peilin Zhao , Changqing Zhang

Traditional test-time adaptation (TTA) methods face significant challenges in adapting to dynamic environments characterized by continuously changing long-term target distributions. These challenges primarily stem from two factors:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Fahim Faisal Niloy , Sk Miraj Ahmed , Dripta S. Raychaudhuri , Samet Oymak , Amit K. Roy-Chowdhury

Test-time adaptation (TTA) aims to improve model robustness under distribution shifts by adapting to unlabeled test data, but most existing methods rely on backpropagation (BP), which is computationally costly and incompatible with…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Ronghao Zhang , Shuaicheng Niu , Qi Deng , Yanjie Dong , Jian Chen , Runhao Zeng

Test-Time Adaptation (TTA) offers a practical solution for deploying image segmentation models under domain shift without accessing source data or retraining. Among existing TTA strategies, pseudo-label-based methods have shown promising…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Jianghao Wu , Xiangde Luo , Yubo Zhou , Lianming Wu , Guotai Wang , Shaoting Zhang

Continual Test-Time Adaptation (CTTA) task investigates effective domain adaptation under the scenario of continuous domain shifts during testing time. Due to the utilization of solely unlabeled samples, there exists significant uncertainty…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-18 Fan Lyu , Kaile Du , Yuyang Li , Hanyu Zhao , Fuyuan Hu , Zhang Zhang , Guangcan Liu , Liang Wang

Unsupervised domain adaption (UDA) is a transfer learning task where the data and annotations of the source domain are available but only have access to the unlabeled target data during training. Most previous methods try to minimise the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-17 Xinyao Shu , Shiyang Yan , Zhenyu Lu , Xinshao Wang , Yuan Xie

Unsupervised Domain Adaptation (UDA) has emerged as a powerful technique for addressing the distribution shift across various Remote Sensing (RS) applications. However, most UDA approaches require access to source data, which may be…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-01 Yu Liang , Shilei Cao , Xiucheng Zhang , Juepeng Zheng , Jianxi Huang , Haohuan Fu

This paper proposes a novel online evaluation protocol for Test Time Adaptation (TTA) methods, which penalizes slower methods by providing them with fewer samples for adaptation. TTA methods leverage unlabeled data at test time to adapt to…

Domain adaptation (DA) aims to transfer knowledge learned from a labeled source domain to an unlabeled or a less labeled but related target domain. Ideally, the source and target distributions should be aligned to each other equally to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-08-15 Jian Hu , Haowen Zhong , Junchi Yan , Shaogang Gong , Guile Wu , Fei Yang

Test-Time Adaptation aims to adapt source domain model to testing data at inference stage with success demonstrated in adapting to unseen corruptions. However, these attempts may fail under more challenging real-world scenarios. Existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-27 Yongyi Su , Xun Xu , Kui Jia

Adapting models to dynamic, real-world environments characterized by shifting data distributions and unseen test scenarios is a critical challenge in deep learning. In this paper, we consider a realistic and challenging Test-Time Adaptation…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Manogna Sreenivas , Soma Biswas
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