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Large Language Models (LLMs) have been evaluated using diverse question types, e.g., multiple-choice, true/false, and short/long answers. This study answers an unexplored question about the impact of different question types on LLM accuracy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Seok Hwan Song , Mohna Chakraborty , Qi Li , Wallapak Tavanapong

By using a trigram model and fine-tuning a pretrained BERT model for sequence classification, we show that machine translation and human translation can be classified with an accuracy above chance level, which suggests that machine…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-12 Yingxue Fu , Mark-Jan Nederhof

Multilingual machine translation (MT) benchmarks play a central role in evaluating the capabilities of modern MT systems. Among them, the FLORES+ benchmark is widely used, offering English-to-many translation data for over 200 languages,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Chihiro Taguchi , Seng Mai , Keita Kurabe , Yusuke Sakai , Georgina Agyei , Soudabeh Eslami , David Chiang

Neural Machine Translation (NMT) systems are typically evaluated using automated metrics that assess the agreement between generated translations and ground truth candidates. To improve systems with respect to these metrics, NLP researchers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-11-30 Nicholas Roberts , Davis Liang , Graham Neubig , Zachary C. Lipton

Pre-training large-scale language models (LMs) requires huge amounts of text corpora. LMs for English enjoy ever growing corpora of diverse language resources. However, less resourced languages and their mono- and multilingual LMs often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-07 Maria Khvalchik , Mikhail Galkin

The growing popularity of neural machine translation (NMT) and LLMs represented by ChatGPT underscores the need for a deeper understanding of their distinct characteristics and relationships. Such understanding is crucial for language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Zhaokun Jiang , Qianxi Lv , Ziyin Zhang , Lei Lei

Machine translation (MT) encompasses a variety of methodologies aimed at enhancing the accuracy of translations. In contrast, the process of human-generated translation relies on a wide range of translation techniques, which are crucial for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Fan Zhou , Vincent Vandeghinste

While machine translation evaluation metrics based on string overlap (e.g., BLEU) have their limitations, their computations are transparent: the BLEU score assigned to a particular candidate translation can be traced back to the presence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Marzena Karpinska , Nishant Raj , Katherine Thai , Yixiao Song , Ankita Gupta , Mohit Iyyer

Multilingual NMT is a viable solution for translating low-resource languages (LRLs) when data from high-resource languages (HRLs) from the same language family is available. However, the training schedule, i.e. the order of presentation of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Alexis Allemann , Àlex R. Atrio , Andrei Popescu-Belis

Machine Translation (MT) has developed rapidly since the release of Large Language Models and current MT evaluation is performed through comparison with reference human translations or by predicting quality scores from human-labeled data.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Shun Wang , Ge Zhang , Han Wu , Tyler Loakman , Wenhao Huang , Chenghua Lin

We present in this paper our work on comparison between Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) and Rule-based machine translation for translation from Marathi to Hindi. Rule Based systems although robust take lots of time to build. On the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-03-13 Sreelekha. S , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

Cutting-edge LLMs have emerged as powerful tools for multilingual communication and understanding. However, LLMs perform worse in Common Sense Reasoning (CSR) tasks when prompted in low-resource languages (LRLs) like Hindi or Swahili…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Tanay Nagar , Grigorii Khvatskii , Anna Sokol , Nitesh V. Chawla

One of the challenges with finetuning pretrained language models (PLMs) is that their tokenizer is optimized for the language(s) it was pretrained on, but brittle when it comes to previously unseen variations in the data. This can for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Verena Blaschke , Hinrich Schütze , Barbara Plank

This paper presents a quantitative fine-grained manual evaluation approach to comparing the performance of different machine translation (MT) systems. We build upon the well-established Multidimensional Quality Metrics (MQM) error taxonomy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-02-13 Filip Klubička , Antonio Toral , Víctor M. Sánchez-Cartagena

Multilingual machine translation systems aim to make knowledge accessible across languages, yet learning effective cross-lingual representations remains challenging. These challenges are especially pronounced for low-resource languages,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 David Stap

Multilingual Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models have yielded large empirical success in transfer learning settings. However, these black-box representations are poorly understood, and their mode of transfer remains elusive. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-09-13 Sneha Reddy Kudugunta , Ankur Bapna , Isaac Caswell , Naveen Arivazhagan , Orhan Firat

The impact of different multilingual data mixtures in pretraining large language models (LLMs) has been a topic of ongoing debate, often raising concerns about potential trade-offs between language coverage and model performance (i.e., the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Negar Foroutan , Paul Teiletche , Ayush Kumar Tarun , Antoine Bosselut

Neural machine translation (NMT) systems aim to map text from one language into another. While there are a wide variety of applications of NMT, one of the most important is translation of natural language. A distinguishing factor of natural…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-04 Vivek Subramanian , Dhanasekar Sundararaman

This work focuses on comparing different solutions for machine translation on low resource language pairs, namely, with zero-shot transfer learning and unsupervised machine translation. We discuss how the data size affects the performance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-02 Aviral Joshi , Chengzhi Huang , Har Simrat Singh

Bilingual and multilingual language models offer a promising path toward scaling NLP systems across diverse languages and users. However, their performance often varies wildly between languages as prior works show that adding more languages…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Skyler Seto , Maartje ter Hoeve , Maureen de Seyssel , David Grangier