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Bilevel optimization formulates hierarchical decision-making processes that arise in many real-world applications such as in pricing, network design, and infrastructure defense planning. In this paper, we consider a class of bilevel…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2021-04-20 Geunyeong Byeon , Pascal Van Hentenryck

Bilevel optimization has become a powerful framework in various machine learning applications including meta-learning, hyperparameter optimization, and network architecture search. There are generally two classes of bilevel optimization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-03 Kaiyi Ji

Several important problem settings within the literature of reinforcement learning (RL), such as meta-learning, hierarchical learning, and RL from human feedback (RL-HF), can be modelled as bilevel RL problems. A lot has been achieved in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Naman Saxena , Vaneet Aggarwal

Differentiable optimization layers enable learning systems to make decisions by solving embedded optimization problems. However, computing gradients via implicit differentiation requires solving a linear system with Hessian terms, which is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Zihao Zhao , Kai-Chia Mo , Shing-Hei Ho , Brandon Amos , Kai Wang

Bilevel optimization has been successfully applied to many important machine learning problems. Algorithms for solving bilevel optimization have been studied under various settings. In this paper, we study the nonconvex-strongly-convex…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-06-14 Xuxing Chen , Minhui Huang , Shiqian Ma

We study a class of bilevel convex optimization problems where the goal is to find the minimizer of an objective function in the upper level, among the set of all optimal solutions of an optimization problem in the lower level. A wide range…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-09-27 Mostafa Amini , Farzad Yousefian

Krylov subspace methods, such as the Conjugate Gradient (CG) and BiCGSTAB methods, are widely used in scientific computing for solving linear systems. In this study, we propose a new framework for solving large Sylvester equations in a…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-05-28 Yuki Satake , Takeshi Fukaya , Tomohiro Sogabe , Shao-Liang Zhang

In this work, we consider bilevel optimization when the lower-level problem is strongly convex. Recent works show that with a Hessian-vector product (HVP) oracle, one can provably find an $\epsilon$-stationary point within…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-05-26 Lesi Chen , Yaohua Ma , Jingzhao Zhang

Bilevel optimization with traffic equilibrium constraints plays an important role in transportation planning and management problems such as traffic control, transport network design, and congestion pricing. In this paper, we consider a…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-06-27 Akshit Goyal , Andrew Lamperski

We propose a new approach to solving bilevel optimization problems, intermediate between solving full-system optimality conditions with a Newton-type approach, and treating the inner problem as an implicit function. The overall idea is to…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-05-08 Ensio Suonperä , Tuomo Valkonen

In this work we derive a second-order approach to bilevel optimization, a type of mathematical programming in which the solution to a parameterized optimization problem (the "lower" problem) is itself to be optimized (in the "upper"…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-05-06 Robert Dyro , Edward Schmerling , Nikos Arechiga , Marco Pavone

In this paper, we develop algorithms for computing the recurrence coefficients corresponding to multiple orthogonal polynomials on the step-line. We reformulate the problem as an inverse eigenvalue problem, which can be solved using…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-03-05 Amin Faghih , Michele Rinelli , Marc Van Barel , Raf Vandebril , Robbe Vermeiren

We consider bilevel optimization problems with general nonconvex lower-level objectives and show that the classical hyperfunction-based formulation is unsettled, since the global minimizer of the lower-level problem is generally…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-03-31 Xiaotian Jiang , Jiaxiang Li , Jiawen Bi , Mingyi Hong , Shuzhong Zhang

We propose inexact subspace iteration for solving high-dimensional eigenvalue problems with low-rank structure. Inexactness stems from low-rank compression, enabling efficient representation of high-dimensional vectors in a low-rank tensor…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2025-10-16 Alec Dektor , Peter DelMastro , Erika Ye , Roel Van Beeumen , Chao Yang

Gradient methods have become mainstream techniques for Bi-Level Optimization (BLO) in learning and vision fields. The validity of existing works heavily relies on solving a series of approximation subproblems with extraordinarily high…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-05-23 Risheng Liu , Xuan Liu , Wei Yao , Shangzhi Zeng , Jin Zhang

This paper considers a class of distributed bilevel optimization (DBO) problems with a coupled inner-level subproblem. Existing approaches typically rely on hypergradient estimations involving computationally expensive Hessian evaluation.…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-27 Youcheng Niu , Jinming Xu , Ying Sun , Li Chai , Jiming Chen

Bilevel optimization recently has attracted increased interest in machine learning due to its many applications such as hyper-parameter optimization and meta learning. Although many bilevel methods recently have been proposed, these methods…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-02-21 Feihu Huang , Junyi Li , Shangqian Gao

Reliable adaptive beamforming is critical for large microphone arrays operating in highly dynamic acoustic environments. In scenarios characterized by fast-moving talkers and interferers, the available sample support for estimating the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-13 Manan Mittal , Ryan M. Corey , John R. Buck , Andrew C. Singer

Bilevel optimization is a fundamental tool in hierarchical decision-making and has been widely applied to machine learning tasks such as hyperparameter tuning, meta-learning, and continual learning. While significant progress has been made…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-04-25 Nazanin Abolfazli , Sina Sharifi , Mahyar Fazlyab , Erfan Yazdandoost Hamedani

Gradient methods are frequently used in large scale image deblurring problems since they avoid the onerous computation of the Hessian matrix of the objective function. Second order information is typically sought by a clever choice of the…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2015-11-19 Federica Porta , Marco Prato , Luca Zanni
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