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A pseudorandom quantum state (PRS) is an ensemble of quantum states indistinguishable from Haar-random states to observers with efficient quantum computers. It allows one to substitute the costly Haar-random state with efficiently…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-04-25 Andrew Tanggara , Mile Gu , Kishor Bharti

Pseudorandom states (PRS) are an important primitive in quantum cryptography. In this paper, we show that subset states can be used to construct PRSs. A subset state with respect to $S$, a subset of the computational basis, is \[…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-05 Fernando Granha Jeronimo , Nir Magrafta , Pei Wu

We study the (in)feasibility of quantum pseudorandom notions in a quantum analog of the random oracle model, where all the parties, including the adversary, have oracle access to the same Haar random unitary. In this model, we show the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-28 Prabhanjan Ananth , John Bostanci , Aditya Gulati , Yao-Ting Lin

Pseudorandom quantum states (PRS) are efficiently constructible states that are computationally indistinguishable from being Haar-random, and have recently found cryptographic applications. We explore new definitions, new properties and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-12 Prabhanjan Ananth , Aditya Gulati , Luowen Qian , Henry Yuen

Pseudorandom Quantum States (PRS) were introduced by Ji, Liu and Song as quantum analogous to Pseudorandom Generators. They are an ensemble of states efficiently computable but computationally indistinguishable from Haar random states.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-22 Samuel Bouaziz--Ermann , Garazi Muguruza

Pseudorandom generators (PRGs) are a foundational primitive in classical cryptography, underpinning a wide range of constructions. In the quantum setting, pseudorandom quantum states (PRSs) were proposed as a potentially weaker assumption…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Mohammed Barhoush

There are various notions of quantum pseudorandomness, such as pseudorandom unitaries (PRUs), pseudorandom state generators (PRSGs) and pseudorandom function-like state generators (PRFSGs). Unlike classical pseudorandomness, where different…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-11 Samuel Bouaziz--Ermann , Minki Hhan , Garazi Muguruza , Quoc-Huy Vu

Pseudorandom states (PRSs) are state ensembles that cannot be efficiently distinguished from Haar random states. However, the definition of PRSs has been limited to pure states and lacks robustness against noise. Here, we introduce…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-26 Nikhil Bansal , Wai-Keong Mok , Kishor Bharti , Dax Enshan Koh , Tobias Haug

Pseudorandom quantum states (PRSs) and pseudorandom unitaries (PRUs) possess the dual nature of being efficiently constructible while appearing completely random to any efficient quantum algorithm. In this study, we establish fundamental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-06-04 Tobias Haug , Kishor Bharti , Dax Enshan Koh

We consider the problem of efficiently simulating random quantum states and random unitary operators, in a manner which is convincing to unbounded adversaries with black-box oracle access. This problem has previously only been considered…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-06-17 Gorjan Alagic , Christian Majenz , Alexander Russell

Common random string model is a popular model in classical cryptography. We study a quantum analogue of this model called the common Haar state (CHS) model. In this model, every party participating in the cryptographic system receives many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-12 Prabhanjan Ananth , Aditya Gulati , Yao-Ting Lin

Pseudorandom states, introduced by Ji, Liu and Song (Crypto'18), are efficiently-computable quantum states that are computationally indistinguishable from Haar-random states. One-way functions imply the existence of pseudorandom states, but…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-16 Prabhanjan Ananth , Luowen Qian , Henry Yuen

We study the relationship between notions of pseudorandomness in the quantum and classical worlds. Pseudorandom quantum state generator (PRSG), a pseudorandomness notion in the quantum world, is an efficient circuit that produces states…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-09-15 Prabhanjan Ananth , Yao-Ting Lin , Henry Yuen

We construct a classical oracle relative to which $\mathsf{P} = \mathsf{NP}$ yet single-copy secure pseudorandom quantum states exist. In the language of Impagliazzo's five worlds, this is a construction of pseudorandom states in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-18 William Kretschmer , Luowen Qian , Makrand Sinha , Avishay Tal

One of the most fundamental results in classical cryptography is that the existence of Pseudo-Random Generators (PRG) that expands $k$ bits of randomness to $k+1$ bits that are pseudo-random implies the existence of PRG that expand $k$ bits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-06 Romi Levy , Thomas Vidick

Efficiently sampling a quantum state that is hard to distinguish from a truly random quantum state is an elementary task in quantum information theory that has both computational and physical uses. This is often referred to as pseudorandom…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-04-07 Zvika Brakerski , Omri Shmueli

Black-box separations are a cornerstone of cryptography, indicating barriers to various goals. A recent line of work has explored black-box separations for quantum cryptographic primitives. Namely, a number of separations are known in the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-25 Eli Goldin , Mark Zhandry

Pseudorandom unitaries (PRUs), one of the key quantum pseudorandom notions, are efficiently computable unitaries that are computationally indistinguishable from Haar random unitaries. While there is evidence to believe that PRUs are weaker…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-30 Prabhanjan Ananth , Aditya Gulati , Yao-Ting Lin

We introduce the pseudorandom quantum authentication scheme (PQAS), an efficient method for encrypting quantum states that relies solely on the existence of pseudorandom unitaries (PRUs). The scheme guarantees that for any eavesdropper with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-03 Tobias Haug , Nikhil Bansal , Wai-Keong Mok , Dax Enshan Koh , Kishor Bharti

We show that quantum states with "low stabilizer complexity" can be efficiently distinguished from Haar-random. Specifically, given an $n$-qubit pure state $|\psi\rangle$, we give an efficient algorithm that distinguishes whether…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-09-18 Sabee Grewal , Vishnu Iyer , William Kretschmer , Daniel Liang
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