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Deep neural networks (DNNs) have inspired new studies in myriad edge applications with robots, autonomous agents, and Internet-of-things (IoT) devices. However, performing inference of DNNs in the edge is still a severe challenge, mainly…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-11-18 Ramyad Hadidi , Bahar Asgari , Jiashen Cao , Younmin Bae , Da Eun Shim , Hyojong Kim , Sung-Kyu Lim , Michael S. Ryoo , Hyesoon Kim

Training large language models (LLMs) with increasingly long and varying sequence lengths introduces severe load imbalance challenges in large-scale data-parallel training. Recent frameworks attempt to mitigate these issues through data…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Chang Chen , Tiancheng Chen , Jiangfei Duan , Qianchao Zhu , Zerui Wang , Qinghao Hu , Peng Sun , Xiuhong Li , Chao Yang , Torsten Hoefler

The attention mechanisms of transformers effectively extract pertinent information from the input sequence. However, the quadratic complexity of self-attention w.r.t the sequence length incurs heavy computational and memory burdens,…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Guan Shen , Jieru Zhao , Quan Chen , Jingwen Leng , Chao Li , Minyi Guo

Processing long contexts has become a critical capability for modern large language models (LLMs). However, serving long-context LLMs comes with significant inference costs due to the high memory overhead of the key-value (KV) cache.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Qihui Zhou , Peiqi Yin , Pengfei Zuo , James Cheng

While the self-attention mechanism has been widely used in a wide variety of tasks, it has the unfortunate property of a quadratic cost with respect to the input length, which makes it difficult to deal with long inputs. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-30 Xiaoya Li , Yuxian Meng , Mingxin Zhou , Qinghong Han , Fei Wu , Jiwei Li

To mitigate the computational complexity in the self-attention mechanism on long sequences, linear attention utilizes computation tricks to achieve linear complexity, while state space models (SSMs) popularize a favorable practice of using…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Zicheng Liu , Siyuan Li , Li Wang , Zedong Wang , Yunfan Liu , Stan Z. Li

Dynamic sequences with varying lengths have been widely used in the training of Transformer-based large language models (LLMs). However, current training frameworks adopt a pre-defined static parallel strategy for these sequences, causing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Zhixin Ou , Peng Liang , Jianchen Han , Baihui Liu , Linbo Qiao

Long-sequence processing is a critical capability for modern large language models. However, the self-attention mechanism in the standard Transformer architecture faces severe computational and memory bottlenecks when processing long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Weilin Zhao , Zihan Zhou , Zhou Su , Chaojun Xiao , Yuxuan Li , Yanghao Li , Yudi Zhang , Weilun Zhao , Zhen Li , Yuxiang Huang , Ao Sun , Xu Han , Zhiyuan Liu

Sparse-Linear Attention (SLA) combines sparse and linear attention to accelerate diffusion models and has shown strong performance in video generation. However, (i) SLA relies on a heuristic split that assigns computations to the sparse or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Jintao Zhang , Haoxu Wang , Kai Jiang , Kaiwen Zheng , Youhe Jiang , Ion Stoica , Jianfei Chen , Jun Zhu , Joseph E. Gonzalez

Diffusion Transformers (DiTs) have gained increasing adoption in high-quality image and video generation. As demand for higher-resolution images and longer videos increases, single-GPU inference becomes inefficient due to increased latency…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jiacheng Yang , Jun Wu , Yaoyao Ding , Zhiying Xu , Yida Wang , Gennady Pekhimenko

This study introduces bifurcated attention, a method designed to enhance language model inference in shared-context batch decoding scenarios. Our approach addresses the challenge of redundant memory IO costs, a critical factor contributing…

Diffusion Transformers achieve strong video generation quality, but the quadratic cost of full attention limits efficiency. We introduce OSP-Next, an efficient text-to-video generation model that integrates sparse attention, parallelism,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yunyang Ge , Xianyi He , Zezhong Zhang , Bin Lin , Bin Zhu , Xinhua Cheng , Li Yuan

Neural processes (NPs) learn stochastic processes and predict the distribution of target output adaptively conditioned on a context set of observed input-output pairs. Furthermore, Attentive Neural Process (ANP) improved the prediction…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-22 Shenghao Qin , Jiacheng Zhu , Jimmy Qin , Wenshuo Wang , Ding Zhao

As LLMs scale to multi-million-token KV histories, real-time autoregressive decoding under tight Token-to-Token Latency (TTL) constraints faces growing pressure. Two core bottlenecks dominate: accessing Feed-Forward Network (FFN) weights…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Nidhi Bhatia , Ankit More , Ritika Borkar , Tiyasa Mitra , Ramon Matas , Ritchie Zhao , Maximilian Golub , Dheevatsa Mudigere , Brian Pharris , Bita Darvish Rouhani

Large-scale diffusion models such as FLUX (12B parameters) and Stable Diffusion 3 (8B parameters) require multi-GPU parallelism for efficient inference. Unified Sequence Parallelism (USP), which combines Ulysses and Ring attention…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Guandong Li

Existing methods for training LLMs on long-sequence data, such as Tensor Parallelism and Context Parallelism, exhibit low Model FLOPs Utilization as sequence lengths and number of GPUs increase, especially when sequence lengths exceed 1M…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ao Sun , Weilin Zhao , Xu Han , Cheng Yang , Zhiyuan Liu , Chuan Shi , Maosong sun

From natural language processing to vision, Scaled Dot Product Attention (SDPA) is the backbone of most modern deep learning applications. Unfortunately, its memory and computational requirements can be prohibitive in low-resource settings.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Peyman Hosseini , Mehran Hosseini , Ignacio Castro , Matthew Purver

Sparse attention offers a promising strategy to extend long-context capabilities in Transformer LLMs, yet its efficiency-accuracy trade-offs remain unclear due to the lack of comprehensive evaluation. We address this gap with the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Piotr Nawrot , Robert Li , Renjie Huang , Sebastian Ruder , Kelly Marchisio , Edoardo M. Ponti

The original softmax-based attention mechanism (regular attention) in the extremely successful Transformer architecture computes attention between $N$ tokens, each embedded in a $D$-dimensional head, with a time complexity of $O(N^2D)$.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Armin Gerami , Ramani Duraiswami

The emergence of large language models (LLMs) relies heavily on distributed training strategies, among which pipeline parallelism plays a crucial role. As LLMs' training sequence length extends to 32k or even 128k, the current pipeline…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Ao Sun , Weilin Zhao , Xu Han , Cheng Yang , Xinrong Zhang , Zhiyuan Liu , Chuan Shi , Maosong Sun