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Related papers: A fading radius valley towards M-dwarfs, a persist…

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The radius distribution of close-in planets has been observed to have a bimodal distribution with a dearth of planets around ~1.5-2.0 $R_\oplus$ commonly referred to as the ''radius valley''. The origin of the valley is normally attributed…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-03-19 Jesper Nielsen , Anders Johansen , Komal Bali , Caroline Dorn

The nature of sub-Neptunes remains unknown due to degeneracies in interior structure solutions. However, a statistical set of small planets with measured masses and radii can be used to test the planet formation theory prediction of large…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-18 Remo Burn , Komal Bali , Caroline Dorn , Rafael Luque , Simon L. Grimm

In recent years, analyzing the bimodality in the size distribution of small planets, i.e., the `radius valley', has given us unprecedented insight into the planet formation process. Here we explore the properties of the radius valley for…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-09-14 Akash Gupta , Lorraine Nicholson , Hilke E. Schlichting

The population of small, close-in exoplanets is bifurcated into super-Earths and sub-Neptunes. We calculate physically motivated mass-radius relations for sub-Neptunes, with rocky cores and H/He dominated atmospheres, accounting for their…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-04-26 James G. Rogers , Hilke E. Schlichting , James E. Owen

Recent astronomical observations obtained with the Kepler and TESS missions and their related ground-based follow-ups revealed an abundance of exoplanets with a size intermediate between Earth and Neptune. A low occurrence rate of planets…

The size distribution of planets with radii between 1 and $4 R_\oplus$ peaks near 1.4 and $2.2R_\oplus$, with a dip around $1.8 R_\oplus$ -- the so-called "radius valley." Recent statistical analyses suggest that planets within this valley…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-06-02 Sho Shibata , Andre Izidoro

Recent observations and analysis of low mass (<10$M_{\oplus}$), exoplanets have found that rocky planets only have radii up to 1.5-2$R_{\oplus}$. Two general hypotheses exist for the cause of the dichotomy between rocky and gas-enveloped…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-08-30 Owen Lehmer , David Catling

A new piece of evidence supporting the photoevaporation-driven evolution model for low-mass, close-in exoplanets was recently presented by the California-Kepler-Survey. The radius distribution of the Kepler planets is shown to be bimodal,…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2017-10-06 James E. Owen , Yanqin Wu

Close-in planets smaller than Neptune form two distinct populations composed of rocky super-Earths and sub-Neptunes that may host primordial H/He envelopes. The origin of the radius valley separating these two planet populations remains an…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-07-24 Madison VanWyngarden , Ryan Cloutier

The Kepler mission enabled us to look at the intrinsic population of exoplanets within our galaxy. In period-radius space, the distribution of the intrinsic population of planets contains structure that can trace planet formation and…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-04-24 Anne Dattilo , Natalie M. Batalha

We present the deepest systematic search for planets around mid-to-late M dwarfs to date. We have surveyed 8134 mid-to-late M dwarfs observed by TESS with a custom built pipeline and recover 77 vetted transiting planet candidates. We…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-02 Erik Gillis , Ryan Cloutier , Emily Pass

The observed radii distribution of {\it Kepler} exoplanets reveals two distinct populations: those that are more likely to be terrestrials ($\lesssim1.7R_\oplus$) and those that are more likely to be gas-enveloped ($\gtrsim2R_\oplus$).…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2021-02-17 Eve J. Lee , Nicholas J. Connors

Planetary radii are derived for 218 exoplanets orbiting 161 M dwarf stars. Stellar radii are based on an analysis of APOGEE high-resolution near-IR spectra for a subsample of the M-dwarfs; these results are used to define a stellar…

The Kepler high-precision planetary sample has revealed a radius valley, separating compact super-Earths from sub-Neptunes with lower density. Super-Earths are generally assumed to be rocky planets that were probably born in-situ, while the…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2024-06-14 Di-Chang Chen , Christoph Mordasini , Ji-Wei Xie , Ji-Lin Zhou , Alexandre Emsenhuber

Recent observations have found a valley in the size distribution of close-in super-Earths that is interpreted as a signpost that close-in super-Earths are mostly rocky in composition. However, new models predict that planetesimals should…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-04-24 Bertram Bitsch , Sean N. Raymond , Andre Izidoro

We employ planetary evolution modeling to reproduce the MR distribution of the 198 so far detected planets with mass and radius measured to the <45% and <15% level, respectively, and less massive than 108Me. We simultaneously account for…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2022-12-28 Daria Kubyshkina , Luca Fossati

Recent observations revealed a bimodal radius distribution of small, short-period exoplanets with a paucity in their occurrence, a radius `valley', around $1.5-2.0$ $R_\oplus$. In this work, we investigate the effect of a planet's own…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2019-05-27 Akash Gupta , Hilke E. Schlichting

The detection of young transiting exoplanets represents a new frontier in our understanding of planet formation and evolution. For the population of observed close-in sub-Neptunes, two proposed formation pathways can reproduce their…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2025-04-15 James G. Rogers

The origin of the elevated C/O ratios in discs around late M dwarfs compared to discs around solar-type stars is not well understood. Here we endeavour to reproduce the observed differences in the disc C/O ratios as a function of stellar…

Earth and Planetary Astrophysics · Physics 2023-09-06 J. Mah , B. Bitsch , I. Pascucci , T. Henning