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Doubly robust learning offers a robust framework for causal inference from observational data by integrating propensity score and outcome modeling. Despite its theoretical appeal, practical adoption remains limited due to perceived…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-07-09 Hlynur Davíð Hlynsson

Counterfactual data augmentation has recently emerged as a method to mitigate confounding biases in the training data. These biases, such as spurious correlations, arise due to various observed and unobserved confounding variables in the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Abbavaram Gowtham Reddy , Saketh Bachu , Saloni Dash , Charchit Sharma , Amit Sharma , Vineeth N Balasubramanian

Doubly robust estimators (DRE) are widely used in causal inference because they yield consistent estimators of average causal effect when at least one of the nuisance models, the propensity for treatment (exposure) or the outcome…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-25 Hao Wu , Lucy Shao , Toni Gui , Tsungchin Wu , Zhuochao Huang , Shengjia Tu , Xin Tu , Jinyuan Liu , Tuo Lin

Causal inference is crucial for understanding the true impact of interventions, policies, or actions, enabling informed decision-making and providing insights into the underlying mechanisms that shape our world. In this paper, we establish…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-26 Jingyue Huang , Changbao Wu , Leilei Zeng

There is a broad consensus on the importance of deep learning models in tasks involving complex data. Often, an adequate understanding of these models is required when focusing on the transparency of decisions in human-critical…

Neural network-based methods for (un)conditional density estimation have recently gained substantial attention, as various neural density estimators have outperformed classical approaches in real-data experiments. Despite these empirical…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-02 Dehao Dai , Jianqing Fan , Yihong Gu , Debarghya Mukherjee

Instrumental variables have been widely used to estimate the causal effect of a treatment on an outcome. Existing confidence intervals for causal effects based on instrumental variables assume that all of the putative instrumental variables…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-07-14 Hyunseung Kang , T. Tony Cai , Dylan S. Small

Causal generative modelling is gaining interest in medical imaging due to its ability to answer interventional and counterfactual queries. Most work focuses on generating counterfactual images that look plausible, using auxiliary…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Tian Xia , Mélanie Roschewitz , Fabio De Sousa Ribeiro , Charles Jones , Ben Glocker

The fundamental challenge of drawing causal inference is that counterfactual outcomes are not fully observed for any unit. Furthermore, in observational studies, treatment assignment is likely to be confounded. Many statistical methods have…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-08-01 Harsh Parikh , Carlos Varjao , Louise Xu , Eric Tchetgen Tchetgen

We introduce and study a family of robust estimators for the functional logistic regression model whose robustness automatically adapts to the data thereby leading to estimators with high efficiency in clean data and a high degree of…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-05-03 Ioannis Kalogridis

Stress testing poses a causal question: how would portfolio credit losses change if the macroeconomy followed an adverse counterfactual path? Yet standard practice remains predictive and might be therefore vulnerable to omitted-variable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yu Wang , Xiangchen Liu , Siguang Li

Despite large-scale pre-trained language models have achieved striking results for text classificaion, recent work has raised concerns about the challenge of shortcut learning. In general, a keyword is regarded as a shortcut if it creates a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Rui Song , Fausto Giunchiglia , Yingji Li , Hao Xu

We construct a density estimator in the bivariate uniform deconvolution model. For this model we derive four inversion formulas to express the bivariate density that we want to estimate in terms of the bivariate density of the observations.…

Methodology · Statistics 2011-06-09 Martina Benešová , Bert van Es , Peter Tegelaar

Counterfactual examples have emerged as an effective approach to produce simple and understandable post-hoc explanations. In the context of graph classification, previous work has focused on generating counterfactual explanations by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-28 Carlo Abrate , Giulia Preti , Francesco Bonchi

Evaluating hypothetical statements about how the world would be had a different course of action been taken is arguably one key capability expected from modern AI systems. Counterfactual reasoning underpins discussions in fairness, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-04 Kevin Xia , Yushu Pan , Elias Bareinboim

Various methods have recently been proposed to estimate causal effects with confidence intervals that are uniformly valid over a set of data generating processes when high-dimensional nuisance models are estimated by post-model-selection or…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-10-07 Niloofar Moosavi , Tetiana Gorbach , Xavier de Luna

Deep learning models tend not to be out-of-distribution robust primarily due to their reliance on spurious features to solve the task. Counterfactual data augmentations provide a general way of (approximately) achieving representations that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-15 S Chandra Mouli , Yangze Zhou , Bruno Ribeiro

Instrumental variable (IV) methods play a central role in causal inference, particularly in settings where treatment assignment is confounded by unobserved variables. IV methods have been extensively developed in recent years and applied…

Accurate decision making in medical imaging requires reasoning over subtle visual differences between confusable conditions, yet most existing approaches rely on nearest neighbor retrieval that returns redundant evidence and reinforces a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Daivik Patel , Shrenik Patel

Despite substantial progress in abstractive text summarization to generate fluent and informative texts, the factual inconsistency in the generated summaries remains an important yet challenging problem to be solved. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Chenhe Dong , Yuexiang Xie , Yaliang Li , Ying Shen