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Positional encoding is essential for large language models (LLMs) to represent sequence order, yet recent studies show that Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) can induce massive activation. We investigate the source of these instabilities via…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-07 Jing Xiong , Liyang Fan , Hui Shen , Zunhai Su , Min Yang , Lingpeng Kong , Ngai Wong

Extending context window sizes allows large language models (LLMs) to process longer sequences and handle more complex tasks. Rotary Positional Embedding (RoPE) has become the de facto standard due to its relative positional encoding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Haonan Wang , Qian Liu , Chao Du , Tongyao Zhu , Cunxiao Du , Kenji Kawaguchi , Tianyu Pang

Long-context large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable advancements, driven by techniques like Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) (Su et al., 2023) and its extensions (Chen et al., 2023; Liu et al., 2024c; Peng et al., 2023). By…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Bowen Yang , Bharat Venkitesh , Dwarak Talupuru , Hangyu Lin , David Cairuz , Phil Blunsom , Acyr Locatelli

LongRoPE2 is a novel approach that extends the effective context window of pre-trained large language models (LLMs) to the target length, while preserving the performance on the original shorter context window. This is achieved by three…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Ning Shang , Li Lyna Zhang , Siyuan Wang , Gaokai Zhang , Gilsinia Lopez , Fan Yang , Weizhu Chen , Mao Yang

Positional encoding mechanisms enable Transformers to model sequential structure and long-range dependencies in text. While absolute positional encodings struggle with extrapolation to longer sequences due to fixed positional…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Chang Dai , Hongyu Shan , Mingyang Song , Di Liang

We present Position Interpolation (PI) that extends the context window sizes of RoPE-based pretrained LLMs such as LLaMA models to up to 32768 with minimal fine-tuning (within 1000 steps), while demonstrating strong empirical results on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-29 Shouyuan Chen , Sherman Wong , Liangjian Chen , Yuandong Tian

Transformer-based Large Language Models (LLMs) are pioneering advances in many natural language processing tasks, however, their exceptional capabilities are restricted within the preset context window of Transformer. Position Embedding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Guanzheng Chen , Xin Li , Zaiqiao Meng , Shangsong Liang , Lidong Bing

Large Language Models (LLMs) struggle with long-context reasoning, not only due to the quadratic scaling of computational complexity with sequence length but also because of the scarcity and expense of annotating long-context data. There…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Linda He , Jue Wang , Maurice Weber , Shang Zhu , Ben Athiwaratkun , Ce Zhang

So far, expensive finetuning beyond the pretraining sequence length has been a requirement for effectively extending the context of language models (LM). In this work, we break this key bottleneck by Dropping the Positional Embeddings of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Yoav Gelberg , Koshi Eguchi , Takuya Akiba , Edoardo Cetin

Length extrapolation algorithms based on Rotary position embedding (RoPE) have shown promising results in extending the context length of language models. However, understanding how position embedding can capture longer-range contextual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Xiangyu Hong , Che Jiang , Biqing Qi , Fandong Meng , Mo Yu , Bowen Zhou , Jie Zhou

We identify intrinsic limitations of Rotary Positional Embeddings (RoPE) in Transformer-based long-context language models. Our theoretical analysis abstracts away from the specific content of the context and depends only on its length. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yufeng Du , Phillip Harris , Minyang Tian , Eliu A Huerta , Srikanth Ronanki , Subendhu Rongali , Aram Galstyan , Hao Peng

Built upon the Transformer, large language models (LLMs) have captured worldwide attention due to their remarkable abilities. Nevertheless, all Transformer-based models including LLMs suffer from a preset length limit and can hardly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Liang Zhao , Xiachong Feng , Xiaocheng Feng , Weihong Zhong , Dongliang Xu , Qing Yang , Hongtao Liu , Bing Qin , Ting Liu

Spatial reasoning focuses on locating target objects based on spatial relations in 3D scenes, which plays a crucial role in developing intelligent embodied agents. Due to the limited availability of 3D scene-language paired data, it is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Shengli Zhou , Minghang Zheng , Feng Zheng , Yang Liu

Scaling the rotary position embedding (RoPE) has become a common method for extending the context window of RoPE-based large language models (LLMs). However, existing scaling methods often rely on empirical approaches and lack a profound…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Yingsheng Wu , Yuxuan Gu , Xiaocheng Feng , Weihong Zhong , Dongliang Xu , Qing Yang , Hongtao Liu , Bing Qin

Training Long-Context Large Language Models (LLMs) is challenging, as hybrid training with long-context and short-context data often leads to workload imbalances. Existing works mainly use data packing to alleviate this issue, but fail to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Yongqiang Yao , Jingru Tan , Kaihuan Liang , Feizhao Zhang , Jiahao Hu , Shuo Wu , Yazhe Niu , Ruihao Gong , Dahua Lin , Ningyi Xu

Despite the remarkable capabilities of Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), they still suffer from visual fading in long-context scenarios. Specifically, the attention to visual tokens diminishes as the text sequence lengthens, leading…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Lin Chen , Bolin Ni , Qi Yang , Zili Wang , Kun Ding , Ying Wang , Houwen Peng , Shiming Xiang

Modern large language models (LLMs) that rely on attention mechanisms are typically trained with fixed context lengths which enforce upper limits on the length of input sequences that they can handle at evaluation time. To use these models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Arka Pal , Deep Karkhanis , Manley Roberts , Samuel Dooley , Arvind Sundararajan , Siddartha Naidu

Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) is an efficient position encoding approach and is widely utilized in numerous large language models (LLMs). Recently, a lot of methods have been put forward to further expand the context window based on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Wenqiao Zhu , Chao Xu , Lulu Wang , Jun Wu

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities through pretraining and alignment. However, superior short-context LLMs may underperform in long-context scenarios due to insufficient long-context alignment. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Guanzheng Chen , Xin Li , Michael Qizhe Shieh , Lidong Bing

This paper addresses the challenge of train-short-test-long (TSTL) scenarios in Large Language Models (LLMs) equipped with Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE), where models pre-trained on shorter sequences face difficulty with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Suyuchen Wang , Ivan Kobyzev , Peng Lu , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh , Bang Liu