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We propose the Fr\'echet Audio Distance (FAD), a novel, reference-free evaluation metric for music enhancement algorithms. We demonstrate how typical evaluation metrics for speech enhancement and blind source separation can fail to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-01-18 Kevin Kilgour , Mauricio Zuluaga , Dominik Roblek , Matthew Sharifi

The growing popularity of generative music models underlines the need for perceptually relevant, objective music quality metrics. The Frechet Audio Distance (FAD) is commonly used for this purpose even though its correlation with perceptual…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-07 Azalea Gui , Hannes Gamper , Sebastian Braun , Dimitra Emmanouilidou

An increasing number of generative music models can be conditioned on an audio prompt that serves as musical context for which the model is to create an accompaniment (often further specified using a text prompt). Evaluation of how well…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Maarten Grachten

Fr\'echet Audio Distance (FAD) is the de facto standard for evaluating text-to-audio generation, yet its scores depend on the underlying encoder's embedding space. An encoder's training task dictates which acoustic features are preserved or…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-02 Wonwoo Jeong

Neural audio codecs (NACs) achieve low-bitrate compression by learning compact audio representations, which can also serve as features for perceptual quality evaluation. We introduce DACe, an enhanced, higher-fidelity version of the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-23 Arijit Biswas , Lars Villemoes

Objective evaluation of synthetic speech quality remains a critical challenge. Human listening tests are the gold standard, but costly and impractical at scale. Fr\'echet Distance has emerged as a promising alternative, yet its reliability…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-30 June-Woo Kim , Dhruv Agarwal , Federica Cerina

Although being widely adopted for evaluating generated audio signals, the Fr\'echet Audio Distance (FAD) suffers from significant limitations, including reliance on Gaussian assumptions, sensitivity to sample size, and high computational…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Yoonjin Chung , Pilsun Eu , Junwon Lee , Keunwoo Choi , Juhan Nam , Ben Sangbae Chon

Audio applications involving environmental sound analysis increasingly use general-purpose audio representations, also known as embeddings, for transfer learning. Recently, Holistic Evaluation of Audio Representations (HEAR) evaluated…

Evaluation of musical source separation (MSS) has traditionally relied on Blind Source Separation Evaluation (BSS-Eval) metrics. However, recent work suggests that BSS-Eval metrics exhibit low correlation between metrics and perceptual…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-23 Paul A. Bereuter , Alois Sontacchi

Despite significant recent advances in generative acoustic text-to-music (TTM) modeling, robust evaluation of these models lags behind, relying in particular on the popular Fr\'echet Audio Distance (FAD). In this work, we rigorously study…

In this paper we introduce the Frechet Music Distance (FMD), a novel evaluation metric for generative symbolic music models, inspired by the Frechet Inception Distance (FID) in computer vision and Frechet Audio Distance (FAD) in generative…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Jan Retkowski , Jakub Stępniak , Mateusz Modrzejewski

This paper presents NOMAD (Non-Matching Audio Distance), a differentiable perceptual similarity metric that measures the distance of a degraded signal against non-matching references. The proposed method is based on learning deep feature…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Alessandro Ragano , Jan Skoglund , Andrew Hines

Psychoacoustical so-called "timbre spaces" map perceptual similarity ratings of instrument sounds onto low-dimensional embeddings via multidimensional scaling, but suffer from scalability issues and are incapable of generalization. Recent…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Haokun Tian , Stefan Lattner , Charalampos Saitis

Music source separation aims to extract individual sound sources (e.g., vocals, drums, guitar) from a mixed music recording. However, evaluating the quality of separated audio remains challenging, as commonly used metrics like the…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-01 Noah Jaffe , John Ashley Burgoyne

The complex nature of musical emotion introduces inherent bias in both recognition and generation, particularly when relying on a single audio encoder, emotion classifier, or evaluation metric. In this work, we conduct a study on Music…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-01 Yuanchao Li , Azalea Gui , Dimitra Emmanouilidou , Hannes Gamper

Several variants of deep neural networks have been successfully employed for building parametric models that project variable-duration spoken word segments onto fixed-size vector representations, or acoustic word embeddings (AWEs). However,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Badr M. Abdullah , Marius Mosbach , Iuliia Zaitova , Bernd Möbius , Dietrich Klakow

Determining whether two sets of images belong to the same or different distributions or domains is a crucial task in modern medical image analysis and deep learning; for example, to evaluate the output quality of image generative models.…

With the ever-rising quality of deep generative models, it is increasingly important to be able to discern whether the audio data at hand have been recorded or synthesized. Although the detection of fake speech signals has been studied…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Hafsa Ouajdi , Oussama Hadder , Modan Tailleur , Mathieu Lagrange , Laurie M. Heller

Audio embeddings are crucial tools in understanding large catalogs of music. Typically embeddings are evaluated on the basis of the performance they provide in a wide range of downstream tasks, however few studies have investigated the…

Perceptual similarity representations enable music retrieval systems to determine which songs sound most similar to listeners. State-of-the-art approaches based on task-specific training via self-supervised metric learning show promising…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Arhan Vohra , Taketo Akama
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