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Integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) has been receiving a notable interest as an energy- and spectrum-efficient enabler for simultaneous communication and sensing. Notably, reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) is among the key…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Elmehdi Illi , Marwa Qaraqe

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), with its enhanced degrees of freedom compared to conventional RIS, has demonstrated notable potential for enhancing wireless communication performance. However, a key challenge in…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-15 Yijie Liu , Weidong Mei , He Sun , Dong Wang , Peilan Wang

In this letter, we investigate the transmission of a complex-valued parameter vector from a transmitter to an intended receiver, considering both the presence and absence of an eavesdropper. The direct links from the transmitter to both the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-12 Özlem Tuğfe Demir , Sinan Gezici

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) have emerged as a transformative technology for enhancing wireless communication by intelligently manipulating the propagation environment. This paper explores the potential of…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-21 Wali Ullah Khan , Chandan Kumar Sheemar , Eva Lagunas , Symeon Chatzinotas

This paper studies multi-operator wireless communication systems aided by general reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS), including both conventional single-connected RIS and beyond-diagonal RIS (BD-RIS). Specifically, we consider a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Zheyu Wu , Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) architectures offer superior beamforming gain over conventional diagonal RISs. However, the channel estimation overhead is the main hurdle for reaping the above gain in practice.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-25 Rui Wang , Junyuan Gao , Shuowen Zhang , Bruno Clerckx , Liang Liu

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) has emerged as a technology enabling wave domain beamforming through multiple stacked reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs). SIM has been implemented so far with diagonal RIS (D-RIS), while SIM…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

This letter proposes a movable beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (MA-BD-RIS) design, combining inter-element connectivity and movability for channel enhancement. We study a MA-BD-RIS assisted multi-user multiple input…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-13 Shuyue Xu , Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

Deploying multiple beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) can potentially improve the communication performance thanks to inter-element connections of each BD-RIS and inter-surface cooperative beamforming gain among…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-23 Junyuan Gao , Shuowen Zhang , Liang Liu

Channel estimation is a central bottleneck in BD-RIS-assisted MIMO systems. The richer inter-element coupling that enables large performance gains also makes training and hardware control substantially harder than in diagonal RIS…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-30 Gilderlan Tavares de Araújo , Bruno Sokal , André L. F. de Almeida

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has emerged as an innovative and generalized RIS framework that provides greater flexibility in wave manipulation and enhanced coverage. In comparison to conventional RIS,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-24 Shreya Khisa , Ali Amhaz , Mohamed Elhattab , Chadi Assi , Sanaa Sharafeddine

This work initiates the study of a beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS)-aided transmitter architecture for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency band. Deploying BD-RIS…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Kexin Chen , Yijie Mao

This paper investigates the limits to which a passive Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) can reshape a point-to-point Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) channel in terms of singular values and their functions (e.g., achievable rate…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Yang Zhao , Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx , Massimo Franceschetti

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs), originally in the passive form, have attracted attention due to their benefits in enhanced wave manipulating through flexible inter-element connections and element arrangements.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-16 Fu Liu , Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) can realize the interconnection between reflecting elements through the impedance network, thereby providing a new approach for the performance improvement of integrated sensing…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xuejun Cheng , Qian Zhang , Yuhui Jiao , Shiyao Guo , Xiaotong Xu , Guanghui Luo , Ju Liu

This work focuses on the synergy of rate-splitting multiple access (RSMA) and beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) to enlarge the coverage, improve the performance, and save on antennas. Specifically, we employ a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-01-05 Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Programmable radio environments parametrized by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are emerging as a new wireless communications paradigm, but currently used channel models for the design and analysis of signal-processing algorithms…

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is an emerging technology allowing to control the propagation environment in wireless communications. Recently, beyond diagonal RIS (BD-RIS) has been proposed to reach higher performance than…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

Novel reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) architectures, known as beyond diagonal RISs (BD-RISs), have been proposed to enhance reflection efficiency and expand RIS capabilities. However, their passive nature, non-diagonal reflection…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-28 Nipuni Ginige , Arthur Sousa de Sena , Nurul Huda Mahmood , Nandana Rajatheva , Matti Latva-aho

Recently, beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has emerged as a more flexible solution to engineer the wireless propagation channels, thanks to its non-diagonal reflecting matrix. Although the gain of the BD-RIS over…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-18 Xiaoqi Zhang , Liang Liu , Shuowen Zhang , Haijun Zhang