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Counterfactual explanations have emerged as a popular solution for the eXplainable AI (XAI) problem of elucidating the predictions of black-box deep-learning systems due to their psychological validity, flexibility across problem domains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-20 Eoin Delaney , Arjun Pakrashi , Derek Greene , Mark T. Keane

Natural language explanations of deep neural network decisions provide an intuitive way for a AI agent to articulate a reasoning process. Current textual explanations learn to discuss class discriminative features in an image. However, it…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-06-27 Lisa Anne Hendricks , Ronghang Hu , Trevor Darrell , Zeynep Akata

Explainable AI (XAI) is an increasingly important area of machine learning research, which aims to make black-box models transparent and interpretable. In this paper, we propose a novel approach to XAI that uses the so-called counterfactual…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-08-02 Bastian Pfeifer , Mateusz Krzyzinski , Hubert Baniecki , Anna Saranti , Andreas Holzinger , Przemyslaw Biecek

In recent years, various machine and deep learning architectures have been successfully introduced to the field of predictive process analytics. Nevertheless, the inherent opacity of these algorithms poses a significant challenge for human…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-03-15 Alexander Stevens , Chun Ouyang , Johannes De Smedt , Catarina Moreira

Motivated by the burgeoning interest in cross-domain learning, we present a novel generative modeling challenge: generating counterfactual samples in a target domain based on factual observations from a source domain. Our approach operates…

Despite the advanced capabilities of large language models (LLMs), their temporal reasoning ability remains underdeveloped. Prior works have highlighted this limitation, particularly in maintaining temporal consistency when understanding…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Jongho Kim , Seung-won Hwang

Counterfactual explanations are increasingly used as an Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) technique to provide stakeholders of complex machine learning algorithms with explanations for data-driven decisions. The popularity of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-26 Dieter Brughmans , Lissa Melis , David Martens

In decision-making processes, stakeholders often rely on counterfactual explanations, which provide suggestions about what should be changed in the queried instance to alter the outcome of an AI system. However, generating these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Hongnan Ma , Yiwei Shi , Guanxiong Sun , Mengyue Yang , Weiru Liu

Interpretable time series prediction is crucial for safety-critical areas such as healthcare and autonomous driving. Most existing methods focus on interpreting predictions by assigning important scores to segments of time series. In this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Jingquan Yan , Hao Wang

Counterfactual explanations are viewed as an effective way to explain machine learning predictions. This interest is reflected by a relatively young literature with already dozens of algorithms aiming to generate such explanations. These…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Raphael Mazzine , David Martens

Counterfactual explanations for machine learning models are used to find minimal interventions to the feature values such that the model changes the prediction to a different output or a target output. A valid counterfactual explanation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-23 Shravan Kumar Sajja , Sumanta Mukherjee , Satyam Dwivedi

Explainability is increasingly seen as an essential feature of rule-based smart environments. While counterfactual explanations, which describe what could have been done differently to achieve a desired outcome, are a powerful tool in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-06 Anna Trapp , Mersedeh Sadeghi , Andreas Vogelsang

There has been considerable recent interest in explainability in AI, especially with black-box machine learning models. As correctly observed by the planning community, when the application at hand is not a single-shot decision or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-02-14 Vaishak Belle

Counterfactuals are a concept inherited from the field of logic and in general attain to the existence of causal relations between sentences or events. In particular, this concept has been introduced also in the context of interpretability…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-01-23 Pierluigi Francesco De Paola , Jared Miller , Alessandro Borri , Alessia Paglialonga , Fabrizio Dabbene

Among recent developments in time series forecasting methods, deep forecasting models have gained popularity as they can utilize hidden feature patterns in time series to improve forecasting performance. Nevertheless, the majority of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-13 Zhendong Wang , Ioanna Miliou , Isak Samsten , Panagiotis Papapetrou

Foundation models trained on web-scraped datasets propagate societal biases to downstream tasks. While counterfactual generation enables bias analysis, existing methods introduce artifacts by modifying contextual elements like clothing and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Kirill Sirotkin , Marcos Escudero-Viñolo , Pablo Carballeira , Mayug Maniparambil , Catarina Barata , Noel E. O'Connor

Machine learning is increasingly applied in high-stakes decision making that directly affect people's lives, and this leads to an increased demand for systems to explain their decisions. Explanations often take the form of counterfactuals,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-20 Maximilian Schleich , Zixuan Geng , Yihong Zhang , Dan Suciu

In time-series classification, understanding model decisions is crucial for their application in high-stakes domains such as healthcare and finance. Counterfactual explanations, which provide insights by presenting alternative inputs that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Qi Huang , Sofoklis Kitharidis , Thomas Bäck , Niki van Stein

Counterfactual explanations play a pivotal role in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) by offering intuitive, human-understandable alternatives that elucidate machine learning model decisions. Despite their significance, existing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Oleksii Furman , Ulvi Movsum-zada , Patryk Marszalek , Maciej Zięba , Marek Śmieja

With the ongoing rise of machine learning, the need for methods for explaining decisions made by artificial intelligence systems is becoming a more and more important topic. Especially for image classification tasks, many state-of-the-art…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Silvan Mertes , Tobias Huber , Katharina Weitz , Alexander Heimerl , Elisabeth André