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Over-parameterized models, such as large deep networks, often exhibit a double descent phenomenon, whereas a function of model size, error first decreases, increases, and decreases at last. This intriguing double descent behavior also…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Reinhard Heckel , Fatih Furkan Yilmaz

Double descent presents a counter-intuitive aspect within the machine learning domain, and researchers have observed its manifestation in various models and tasks. While some theoretical explanations have been proposed for this phenomenon…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-14 Yufei Gu

Double descent is a phenomenon of over-parameterized statistical models such as deep neural networks which have a re-descending property in their risk function. As the complexity of the model increases, risk exhibits a U-shaped region due…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-10-16 Nick Polson , Vadim Sokolov

Epoch-wise double descent is the phenomenon where generalisation performance improves beyond the point of overfitting, resulting in a generalisation curve exhibiting two descents under the course of learning. Understanding the mechanisms…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-09-20 Amanda Olmin , Fredrik Lindsten

The double descent (DD) paradox, where over-parameterized models see generalization improve past the interpolation point, remains largely unexplored in the non-stationary domain of Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL). We present preliminary…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Viktor Veselý , Aleksandar Todorov , Matthia Sabatelli

Deep neural networks are known to exhibit a `double descent' behavior as the number of parameters increases. Recently, it has also been shown that an `epochwise double descent' effect exists in which the generalization error initially…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-08-30 Cory Stephenson , Tyler Lee

The "double descent" risk curve was proposed to qualitatively describe the out-of-sample prediction accuracy of variably-parameterized machine learning models. This article provides a precise mathematical analysis for the shape of this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Mikhail Belkin , Daniel Hsu , Ji Xu

Classical statistical learning theory predicts a U-shaped relationship between test loss and model capacity, driven by the bias-variance trade-off. Recent advances in modern machine learning have revealed a more complex pattern,…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-23 Yin Liu , Jianwen Cai , Didong Li

Although overparameterized models have achieved remarkable practical success, their theoretical properties, particularly their generalization behavior, remain incompletely understood. The well known double descents phenomenon suggests that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-01-06 Haoran Zhan , Yingcun Xia

Modern deep learning models employ considerably more parameters than required to fit the training data. Whereas conventional statistical wisdom suggests such models should drastically overfit, in practice these models generalize remarkably…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-08-18 Ben Adlam , Jeffrey Pennington

The theory of bias-variance used to serve as a guide for model selection when applying Machine Learning algorithms. However, modern practice has shown success with over-parameterized models that were expected to overfit but did not. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-21 Luis Sa-Couto , Jose Miguel Ramos , Miguel Almeida , Andreas Wichert

Data scarcity drives the need for more sample-efficient large language models. In this work, we use the double descent phenomenon to holistically compare the sample efficiency of discrete diffusion and autoregressive models. We show that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Ahmad Fraij , Sam Dauncey

We study overparameterization in generative adversarial networks (GANs) that can interpolate the training data. We show that overparameterization can improve generalization performance and accelerate the training process. We study the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Lorenzo Luzi , Yehuda Dar , Richard Baraniuk

The risk of overparameterized models, in particular deep neural networks, is often double-descent shaped as a function of the model size. Recently, it was shown that the risk as a function of the early-stopping time can also be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Fatih Furkan Yilmaz , Reinhard Heckel

We study the transfer learning process between two linear regression problems. An important and timely special case is when the regressors are overparameterized and perfectly interpolate their training data. We examine a parameter transfer…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-29 Yehuda Dar , Richard G. Baraniuk

Classical learning theory suggests that the optimal generalization performance of a machine learning model should occur at an intermediate model complexity, with simpler models exhibiting high bias and more complex models exhibiting high…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-11-09 Ben Adlam , Jeffrey Pennington

Motivated by a recent literature on the double-descent phenomenon in machine learning, we consider highly over-parameterized models in causal inference, including synthetic control with many control units. In such models, there may be so…

Econometrics · Economics 2023-10-16 Jann Spiess , Guido Imbens , Amar Venugopal

In their thought-provoking paper [1], Belkin et al. illustrate and discuss the shape of risk curves in the context of modern high-complexity learners. Given a fixed training sample size $n$, such curves show the risk of a learner as a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-08 Marco Loog , Tom Viering , Alexander Mey , Jesse H. Krijthe , David M. J. Tax

People usually believe that network pruning not only reduces the computational cost of deep networks, but also prevents overfitting by decreasing model capacity. However, our work surprisingly discovers that network pruning sometimes even…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Zheng He , Zeke Xie , Quanzhi Zhu , Zengchang Qin

Optimization plays a key role in the training of deep neural networks. Deciding when to stop training can have a substantial impact on the performance of the network during inference. Under certain conditions, the generalization error can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-20 Florian Dubost , Erin Hong , Max Pike , Siddharth Sharma , Siyi Tang , Nandita Bhaskhar , Christopher Lee-Messer , Daniel Rubin