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This paper addresses the critical challenge of developing computationally efficient hate speech detection systems that maintain competitive performance while being practical for real-time deployment. We propose a novel three-layer framework…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Mahmoud El-Bahnasawi

In this study, we explore the use of Large Language Models (LLMs) to counteract hate speech. We conducted the first real-life A/B test assessing the effectiveness of LLM-generated counter-speech. During the experiment, we posted 753…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Jakub Podolak , Szymon Łukasik , Paweł Balawender , Jan Ossowski , Jan Piotrowski , Katarzyna Bąkowicz , Piotr Sankowski

The pervasive deployment of large language models (LLMs) in conversational AI systems has revolutionized information access, yet their propensity for generating factually unsupported or hallucinated responses remains a critical impediment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Steven Robinson , Antonio Carlos Rivera

The proliferation of online hate speech poses a significant threat to the harmony of the web. While explicit hate is easily recognized through overt slurs, implicit hate speech is often conveyed through sarcasm, irony, stereotypes, or coded…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Chengshuai Zhao , Shu Wan , Paras Sheth , Karan Patwa , K. Selçuk Candan , Huan Liu

Recently, many studies have tried to create generation models to assist counter speakers by providing counterspeech suggestions for combating the explosive proliferation of online hate. However, since these suggestions are from a vanilla…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-10 Punyajoy Saha , Kanishk Singh , Adarsh Kumar , Binny Mathew , Animesh Mukherjee

The fast spread of hate speech on social media impacts the Internet environment and our society by increasing prejudice and hurting people. Detecting hate speech has aroused broad attention in the field of natural language processing.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-13 Junyu Lu , Hongfei Lin , Xiaokun Zhang , Zhaoqing Li , Tongyue Zhang , Linlin Zong , Fenglong Ma , Bo Xu

Large-scale language models often learn behaviors that are misaligned with user expectations. Generated text may contain offensive or toxic language, contain significant repetition, or be of a different sentiment than desired by the user.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-18 Ximing Lu , Sean Welleck , Jack Hessel , Liwei Jiang , Lianhui Qin , Peter West , Prithviraj Ammanabrolu , Yejin Choi

Although there is an unprecedented effort to provide adequate responses in terms of laws and policies to hate content on social media platforms, dealing with hatred online is still a tough problem. Tackling hate speech in the standard way…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-10-09 Y. L. Chung , E. Kuzmenko , S. S. Tekiroglu , M. Guerini

We consider the challenge of mitigating the generation of negative or toxic content by the Large Language Models (LLMs) in response to certain prompts. We propose integrating risk-averse principles into LLM fine-tuning to minimize the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Sapana Chaudhary , Ujwal Dinesha , Dileep Kalathil , Srinivas Shakkottai

Paraphrasing of offensive content is a better alternative to content removal and helps improve civility in a communication environment. Supervised paraphrasers; however, rely heavily on large quantities of labelled data to help preserve…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-11 Anirudh Som , Karan Sikka , Helen Gent , Ajay Divakaran , Andreas Kathol , Dimitra Vergyri

Automated counter-narratives (CN) offer a promising strategy for mitigating online hate speech, yet concerns about their affective tone, accessibility, and ethical risks remain. We propose a framework for evaluating Large Language Model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Mikel K. Ngueajio , Flor Miriam Plaza-del-Arco , Yi-Ling Chung , Danda B. Rawat , Amanda Cercas Curry

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) has become a powerful paradigm for enhancing large language models (LLMs) through external knowledge retrieval. Despite its widespread attention, existing academic research predominantly focuses on…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-10-31 Yiruo Cheng , Kelong Mao , Ziliang Zhao , Guanting Dong , Hongjin Qian , Yongkang Wu , Tetsuya Sakai , Ji-Rong Wen , Zhicheng Dou

Counter narratives - informed responses to hate speech contexts designed to refute hateful claims and de-escalate encounters - have emerged as an effective hate speech intervention strategy. While previous work has proposed automatic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-01 Jaylen Jones , Lingbo Mo , Eric Fosler-Lussier , Huan Sun

Counterspeech is a targeted response to counteract and challenge abusive or hateful content. It effectively curbs the spread of hatred and fosters constructive online communication. Previous studies have proposed different strategies for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Xiaoying Song , Sujana Mamidisetty , Eduardo Blanco , Lingzi Hong

We propose a general method for measuring complex variables on a continuous, interval spectrum by combining supervised deep learning with the Constructing Measures approach to faceted Rasch item response theory (IRT). We decompose the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-23 Chris J. Kennedy , Geoff Bacon , Alexander Sahn , Claudia von Vacano

Counterspeech is a key strategy against harmful online content, but scaling expert-driven efforts is challenging. Large Language Models (LLMs) present a potential solution, though their use in countering conspiracy theories is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-04 Mareike Lisker , Christina Gottschalk , Helena Mihaljević

Hate Speech has become a major content moderation issue for online social media platforms. Given the volume and velocity of online content production, it is impossible to manually moderate hate speech related content on any platform. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-28 Sudhanshu Mishra , Shivangi Prasad , Shubhanshu Mishra

Knowledge-grounded dialogue generation aims to mitigate the issue of text degeneration by incorporating external knowledge to supplement the context. However, the model often fails to internalize this information into responses in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Chenxu Yang , Zheng Lin , Lanrui Wang , Chong Tian , Liang Pang , Jiangnan Li , Qirong Ho , Yanan Cao , Weiping Wang

Hateful rhetoric is plaguing online discourse, fostering extreme societal movements and possibly giving rise to real-world violence. A potential solution to this growing global problem is citizen-generated counter speech where citizens…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-06-09 Joshua Garland , Keyan Ghazi-Zahedi , Jean-Gabriel Young , Laurent Hébert-Dufresne , Mirta Galesic

The goal of hate speech detection is to filter negative online content aiming at certain groups of people. Due to the easy accessibility of social media platforms it is crucial to protect everyone which requires building hate speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Irina Bigoulaeva , Viktor Hangya , Iryna Gurevych , Alexander Fraser