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Threat detection in Natural Language Processing lacks consistent definitions and standardized benchmarks, and is often conflated with broader phenomena such as toxicity, hate speech, or offensive language. In this work, we introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Davide Bruni , Carlo Bardazzi , Maurizio Tesconi

Pre-trained Language Models are widely used in many important real-world applications. However, recent studies show that these models can encode social biases from large pre-training corpora and even amplify biases in downstream…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Xiangjue Dong , Ziwei Zhu , Zhuoer Wang , Maria Teleki , James Caverlee

Large Language Models demonstrate strong capabilities in single-turn instruction following but suffer from Lost-in-Conversation (LiC), a degradation in performance as information is revealed progressively in multi-turn settings. Motivated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Ming Li , Pei Chen , Zhenhao Zhang , Tao Yang , Xinyang Zhang , Han Li , Tianyu Cao , Ming Zeng , Zhuofeng Wu , Meng Jiang , Huasheng Li , Lihong Li , Bing Yin

Hierarchical reinforcement learning (HRL) proposes to solve difficult tasks by performing decision-making and control at successively higher levels of temporal abstraction. However, off-policy HRL often suffers from the problem of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-14 Vivienne Huiling Wang , Joni Pajarinen , Tinghuai Wang , Joni-Kristian Kämäräinen

Instruction-driven image editing with unified multimodal generative models has advanced rapidly, yet their underlying visual reasoning remains limited, leading to suboptimal performance on reasoning-centric edits. Reinforcement learning…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Hengjia Li , Liming Jiang , Qing Yan , Yizhi Song , Hao Kang , Zichuan Liu , Xin Lu , Boxi Wu , Deng Cai

Audio captioning aims at generating natural language descriptions for audio clips automatically. Existing audio captioning models have shown promising improvement in recent years. However, these models are mostly trained via maximum…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-03-30 Xinhao Mei , Xubo Liu , Jianyuan Sun , Mark D. Plumbley , Wenwu Wang

As a key component to intuitive cognition and reasoning solutions in human intelligence, causal knowledge provides great potential for reinforcement learning (RL) agents' interpretability towards decision-making by helping reduce the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Ruichu Cai , Siyang Huang , Jie Qiao , Wei Chen , Yan Zeng , Keli Zhang , Fuchun Sun , Yang Yu , Zhifeng Hao

Detecting harmful content in multi turn dialogue requires reasoning over the full conversational context rather than isolated utterances. However, most existing methods rely mainly on models internal parametric knowledge, without explicit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Juhyeon Lee , Wonduk Seo , Junseo Koh , Seunghyun Lee , Haihua Chen , Yi Bu

Natural language counterfactual generation aims to minimally modify a given text such that the modified text will be classified into a different class. The generated counterfactuals provide insight into the reasoning behind a model's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Yongjie Wang , Xiaoqi Qiu , Yu Yue , Xu Guo , Zhiwei Zeng , Yuhong Feng , Zhiqi Shen

While standard IR models are mainly designed to optimize relevance, real-world search often needs to balance additional objectives such as diversity and fairness. These objectives depend on inter-document interactions and are commonly…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Nilanjan Sinhababu , Andrew Parry , Debasis Ganguly , Pabitra Mitra

Online presence on social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter has become a daily habit for internet users. Despite the vast amount of services the platforms offer for their users, users suffer from cyber-bullying, which further…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-07-19 Ahmad Shapiro , Ayman Khalafallah , Marwan Torki

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become a pivotal component of large language model (LLM) post-training, and agentic RL extends this paradigm to operate as agents through multi-turn interaction and tool use. Scaling such systems exposes two…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Zheyue Tan , Mustapha Abdullahi , Tuo Shi , Huining Yuan , Zelai Xu , Chao Yu , Boxun Li , Bo Zhao

This paper proposes an inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) framework to accelerate learning when the learner-teacher \textit{interaction} is \textit{limited} during training. Our setting is motivated by the realistic scenarios where a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-02 Martin Troussard , Emmanuel Pignat , Parameswaran Kamalaruban , Sylvain Calinon , Volkan Cevher

Given the black-box nature and complexity of large transformer language models (LM), concerns about generalizability and robustness present ethical implications for domains such as hate speech (HS) detection. Using the content rich Social…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Jennifer L. Chen , Faisal Ladhak , Daniel Li , Noémie Elhadad

Generative adversarial imitation learning (GAIL) is a model-free algorithm that has been shown to provide strong results in imitating complex behaviors in high-dimensional environments. In this paper, we utilize the GAIL model for text…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-05-28 Pratyush Muthukumar , Karishma Muthukumar , Deepan Muthirayan , Pramod Khargonekar

During conversational interactions, humans subconsciously engage in concurrent thinking while listening to a speaker. Although this internal cognitive processing may not always manifest as explicit linguistic structures, it is instrumental…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-21 Donghang Wu , Tianyu Zhang , Yuxin Li , Hexin Liu , Chen Chen , Eng Siong Chng , Yoshua Bengio

Hate speech online remains an understudied issue for marginalized communities, particularly in the Global South, which includes developing societies with increasing internet penetration. In this paper, we aim to provide marginalized…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-14 Haotian Ye , Axel Wisiorek , Antonis Maronikolakis , Özge Alaçam , Hinrich Schütze

In this paper, we focus on generating training examples for few-shot intents in the realistic imbalanced scenario. To build connections between existing many-shot intents and few-shot intents, we consider an intent as a combination of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-09-22 Congying Xia , Caiming Xiong , Philip Yu , Richard Socher

Social media has seen a worrying rise in hate speech in recent times. Branching to several distinct categories of cyberbullying, gender discrimination, or racism, the combined label for such derogatory content can be classified as toxic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Sourav Das , Prasanta Mandal , Sanjay Chatterji

Recent advancements in language models have demonstrated remarkable in-context learning abilities, prompting the exploration of in-context reinforcement learning (ICRL) to extend the promise to decision domains. Due to involving more…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Jinmei Liu , Fuhong Liu , Zhenhong Sun , Jianye Hao , Huaxiong Li , Bo Wang , Daoyi Dong , Chunlin Chen , Zhi Wang
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