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Some important properties of the chromatic polynomial also hold for any polynomial set map satisfying p_S(x+y)=\sum_{T\uplus U=S}p_T(x)p_U(y). Using umbral calculus, we give a formula for the expansion of such a set map in terms of any…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-07-06 Gus Wiseman

Immersions of graphs to the projective plane are studied. A classification of immersions up to regular homotopy is given. A complete invariant of immersions up to regular homotopy is constructed. Equivalence classes are described.

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2017-03-21 Maxim A. Ivashkovskii

Critical ideals generalize the critical group, Smith group and the characteristic polynomials of the adjacency and Laplacian matrices of a graph. We give a complete characterization of the digraphs with at most one trivial critical ideal.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2017-03-28 Carlos A. Alfaro , Carlos E. Valencia , Adrián Vázquez-Ávila

We introduce jacobian graphs, which are explicit families of regular graphs that are spectrally indistinguishable from random graphs, but whose local structure is very different from that of random graphs. The construction relies on the…

Number Theory · Mathematics 2026-03-16 Arthur Forey , Javier Fresán , Emmanuel Kowalski , Yuval Wigderson

Recall that the minimum number of colors that allow a proper coloring of graph $G$ is called the chromatic number of $G$ and denoted by $\chi(G).$ In this paper the concepts of $\chi$'-chromatic sum and $\chi^+$-chromatic sum are…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2016-02-12 Johan Kok , Saptarshi Bej

Khovanov introduced a bigraded cohomology theory of links whose graded Euler characteristic is the Jones polynomial. The theory was subsequently applied to the chromatic polynomial of graph, resulting in a categorification known as the…

Geometric Topology · Mathematics 2023-08-01 So Yamagata

Many polynomial invariants are defined on graphs for encoding the combinatorial information and researching them algebraically. In this paper, we introduce the cycle polynomial and the path polynomial of directed graphs for counting cycles…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2017-12-05 Xiangying Chen

The properties of a hypergraph explored through the spectrum of its unified matrix was made by the authors in [26]. In this paper, we introduce three different hypergraph matrices: unified Laplacian matrix, unified signless Laplacian…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-11-14 R. Vishnupriya , R. Rajkumar

We provide formulas for invariants defined on a tensor product of defining representations of unitary groups, under the action of the product group. This situation has a physical interpretation, as it is related to the quantum mechanical…

Representation Theory · Mathematics 2011-11-01 Michael W. Hero , Jeb F. Willenbring , Lauren Kelly Williams

We introduce the price of symmetrisation, a concept that aims to compare fundamental differences (gap and quotient) between values of a given graph invariant for digraphs and the values of the same invariant of the symmetric versions of…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2013-10-11 Absil Romain , Hadrien Mélot

In this paper, we extend the chromatic symmetric function $X$ to a chromatic $k$-multisymmetric function $X_k$, defined for graphs equipped with a partition of their vertex set into $k$ parts. We demonstrate that this new function retains…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-09-29 Logan Crew , Evan Haithcock , Josephine Reynes , Sophie Spirkl

Stanley introduced the chromatic symmetric function of a simple graph, which is a generalization of a chromatic polynomial. This is expressed in terms of the integer points of the complements of the corresponding graphic arrangement.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-03-05 Masamichi Kuroda , Shuhei Tsujie

We prove a general inclusion-exclusion relation for the extended chromatic symmetric function of a weighted graph, which specializes to (extended) $k$-deletion, and we give two methods to obtain numerous new bases from weighted graphs for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-03-29 Farid Aliniaeifard , Victor Wang , Stephanie van Willigenburg

In a graph, we assign distinct integers to the vertices, and take the sum of two integers if they are on two adjacent vertices. The minimum possible number of different sums is the \emph{sum index} of this graph. In this paper, we present…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-29 Dheer Noal Desai , Runze Wang

This book presents a comprehensive and systematic survey of graph theory under uncertainty, with particular emphasis on the unifying role of the uncertain graph framework. It reviews fundamental concepts, structural properties, graph…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Takaaki Fujita , Florentin Smarandache

In this paper, we define the quotinet graphs. In particular, we introduce the boundary quotient graphs, admissible boundary quotient graphs and subgraph boundary qoutient graphs. By the property of the quotient spaces, the boundary…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Ilwoo Cho

These notes are an introduction to the theory of quantum symmetries of finite and infinite sets, graphs, and locally compact spaces.

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2026-03-27 Christian Voigt

The automorphisms of a graph act naturally on its set of labeled imbeddings to produce its unlabeled imbeddings. The imbedding sum of a graph is a polynomial that contains useful information about a graph's labeled and unlabeled imbeddings.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Robert G. Rieper

In this article we consider certain well-known polynomials associated with graphs including the independence polynomial and the chromatic polynomial. These polynomials count certain objects in graphs: independent sets in the case of the…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2022-12-19 Viresh Patel , Guus Regts

In this paper we study the algebra of graph invariants, focusing mainly on the invariants of simple graphs. All other invariants, such as sorted eigenvalues, degree sequences and canonical permutations, belong to this algebra. In fact,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2008-01-30 Tomi Mikkonen , Xavier Buchwalder