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The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has revolutionized natural language processing, enabling applications in diverse domains such as healthcare, finance and education. However, the growing reliance on extensive data for…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Guoshenghui Zhao , Eric Song

Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly large language models (LLMs), holds the potential to bridge language and information gaps, which can benefit the economies of developing nations. However, our analysis of FLORES-200, FLORES+,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Aivin V. Solatorio , Gabriel Stefanini Vicente , Holly Krambeck , Olivier Dupriez

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly integrated into critical systems in industries like healthcare and finance. Users can often submit queries to LLM-enabled chatbots, some of which can enrich responses with information retrieved…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Sayon Palit , Daniel Woods

Understanding code is challenging, especially when working in new and complex development environments. Code comments and documentation can help, but are typically scarce or hard to navigate. Large language models (LLMs) are revolutionizing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-18 Daye Nam , Andrew Macvean , Vincent Hellendoorn , Bogdan Vasilescu , Brad Myers

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as optimization modules in agentic systems, yet the fundamental limits of such LLM-mediated improvement remain poorly understood. Here we propose a theory of LLM information…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Zhuo-Yang Song , Hua Xing Zhu

Large language model (LLM)-based agents combine LLMs with external tools to automate tasks such as scheduling meetings, managing documents, or booking travel. While these integrations unlock powerful capabilities, they also create new and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Jonathan Evertz , Merlin Chlosta , Lea Schönherr , Thorsten Eisenhofer

Open Large Language Model (LLM) benchmarks, such as HELM and BIG-Bench, provide standardized and transparent evaluation protocols that support comparative analysis, reproducibility, and systematic progress tracking in Language Model (LM)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Md. Najib Hasan , Md Mahadi Hassan Sibat , Mohammad Fakhruddin Babar , Souvika Sarkar , Monowar Hasan , Santu Karmaker

How much information about training samples can be leaked through synthetic data generated by Large Language Models (LLMs)? Overlooking the subtleties of information flow in synthetic data generation pipelines can lead to a false sense of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Matthieu Meeus , Lukas Wutschitz , Santiago Zanella-Béguelin , Shruti Tople , Reza Shokri

The ability of machines to comprehend and produce language that is similar to that of humans has revolutionized sectors like customer service, healthcare, and finance thanks to the quick advances in Natural Language Processing (NLP), which…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Swetha S , Ram Sundhar K Shaju , Rakshana M , Ganesh R , Balavedhaa S , Thiruvaazhi U

The auditing of financial documents, historically a labor-intensive process, stands on the precipice of transformation. AI-driven solutions have made inroads into streamlining this process by recommending pertinent text passages from…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are trained with safety alignment to prevent generating malicious content. Although some attacks have highlighted vulnerabilities in these safety-aligned LLMs, they typically have limitations, such as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Jesson Wang , Zhanhao Hu , David Wagner

The rapid growth of memory and computation requirements of large language models (LLMs) has outpaced the development of hardware, hindering people who lack large-scale high-end GPUs from training or deploying LLMs. However, consumer-level…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Zhenheng Tang , Yuxin Wang , Xin He , Longteng Zhang , Xinglin Pan , Qiang Wang , Rongfei Zeng , Kaiyong Zhao , Shaohuai Shi , Bingsheng He , Xiaowen Chu

In recent years, Large Language Models (LLMs) have emerged as a transformative development in artificial intelligence (AI), drawing significant attention from industry and academia. Trained on vast datasets, these sophisticated AI systems…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-15 Oudom Hean , Utsha Saha , Binita Saha

Large Language Models (LLMs) enable a new ecosystem with many downstream applications, called LLM applications, with different natural language processing tasks. The functionality and performance of an LLM application highly depend on its…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Bo Hui , Haolin Yuan , Neil Gong , Philippe Burlina , Yinzhi Cao

Handling long tail corner cases is a major challenge faced by autonomous vehicles (AVs). While large language models (LLMs) hold great potentials to handle the corner cases with excellent generalization and explanation capabilities and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-25 Zuoyin Tang , Jianhua He , Dashuai Pei , Kezhong Liu , Tao Gao

Large language models (LLMs) are primarily accessed via commercial APIs, but this often requires users to expose their data to service providers. In this paper, we explore how users can stay in control of their data by using privacy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Guillem Ramírez , Alexandra Birch , Ivan Titov

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success and are widely adopted for diverse applications. However, fine-tuning these models often involves private or sensitive information, raising critical privacy concerns. In this…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Kaiyuan Zhang , Siyuan Cheng , Hanxi Guo , Yuetian Chen , Zian Su , Shengwei An , Yuntao Du , Charles Fleming , Ashish Kundu , Xiangyu Zhang , Ninghui Li

Large language model (LLM) platforms, such as ChatGPT, have recently begun offering an app ecosystem to interface with third-party services on the internet. While these apps extend the capabilities of LLM platforms, they are developed by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-30 Umar Iqbal , Tadayoshi Kohno , Franziska Roesner

Recent studies have discovered that large language models (LLM) may be ``fooled'' to output private information, including training data, system prompts, and personally identifiable information, under carefully crafted adversarial prompts.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Yuzhou Nie , Zhun Wang , Ye Yu , Xian Wu , Xuandong Zhao , Wenbo Guo , Dawn Song

Modern LLMs are increasingly accessed via black-box APIs, requiring users to transmit sensitive prompts, outputs, and fine-tuning data to external providers, creating a critical privacy risk at the API boundary. We introduce AlienLM, a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Jaehee Kim , Pilsung Kang