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Scaling laws provide important insights that can guide the design of large language models (LLMs). Existing work has primarily focused on studying scaling laws for pretraining (upstream) loss. However, in transfer learning settings, in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Berivan Isik , Natalia Ponomareva , Hussein Hazimeh , Dimitris Paparas , Sergei Vassilvitskii , Sanmi Koyejo

While scaling laws for large language models (LLMs) during pre-training have been extensively studied, their behavior under reinforcement learning (RL) post-training remains largely unexplored. This paper presents a systematic empirical…

Scaling the number of parameters and the size of training data has proven to be an effective strategy for improving large language model (LLM) performance. Yet, as these models grow increasingly powerful and widely deployed, the cost of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Song Bian , Tao Yu , Shivaram Venkataraman , Youngsuk Park

The scaling law is becoming a fundamental law in many machine learning areas. That is, test error falls off with the power law when increasing training data, model size, and computing resource. However, whether this law is suitable for the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Jiayi Lin , Hande Dong , Yutao Xie , Lei Zhang

Improvements in language model capabilities are often attributed to increasing model size or training data, but in some cases smaller models trained on curated data or with different architectural decisions can outperform larger ones…

We introduce compression laws for language language models (LLMs). While recent scaling laws have sought to understand how LLMs scale with respect to model size, pre-training data, and computational resources, we focus on understanding how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Ayan Sengupta , Siddhant Chaudhary , Tanmoy Chakraborty

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have been widely adopted in a wide range of tasks, leading to increasing attention towards the research on how scaling LLMs affects their performance. Existing works, termed Scaling Laws, have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Yizhe Xiong , Xiansheng Chen , Xin Ye , Hui Chen , Zijia Lin , Haoran Lian , Zhenpeng Su , Wei Huang , Jianwei Niu , Jungong Han , Guiguang Ding

Molecular generative models, often employing GPT-style language modeling on molecular string representations, have shown promising capabilities when scaled to large datasets and model sizes. However, it remains unclear and subject to debate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Dong Xu , Qihua Pan , Sisi Yuan , Jianqiang Li , Zexuan Zhu , Junkai Ji

There is a recent trend in machine learning to increase model quality by growing models to sizes previously thought to be unreasonable. Recent work has shown that autoregressive generative models with cross-entropy objective functions…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-06-18 Jasha Droppo , Oguz Elibol

Scaling laws for language model training traditionally characterize how performance scales with model size and dataset volume. Prior work has explored architecture variants and data treatments such as dataset filtering and noise injection…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Anirudh Subramanyam , Yuxin Chen , Robert L. Grossman

Large language models with a huge number of parameters, when trained on near internet-sized number of tokens, have been empirically shown to obey neural scaling laws: specifically, their performance behaves predictably as a power law in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-01 Alexander Maloney , Daniel A. Roberts , James Sully

Scaling law principles indicate a power-law correlation between loss and variables such as model size, dataset size, and computational resources utilized during training. These principles play a vital role in optimizing various aspects of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-08 Hui Su , Zhi Tian , Xiaoyu Shen , Xunliang Cai

Code Large Language Models (LLMs) are revolutionizing software engineering. However, scaling laws that guide the efficient training are predominantly analyzed on Natural Language (NL). Given the fundamental differences like strict syntax…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Xianzhen Luo , Wenzhen Zheng , Qingfu Zhu , Rongyi Zhang , Houyi Li , Siming Huang , YuanTao Fan , Wanxiang Che

Large language model pre-training has become increasingly expensive, with most practitioners relying on scaling laws to allocate compute budgets for model size and training tokens, commonly referred to as Compute-Optimal or Chinchilla…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Zhen Guo

The quality of Large Language Model (LLM) pretraining depends on multiple factors, including the compute budget and the choice of optimization algorithm. Empirical scaling laws are widely used to predict loss as model size and training data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Alexandra Volkova , Mher Safaryan , Christoph H. Lampert , Dan Alistarh

We explore optimally training protein language models, an area of significant interest in biological research where guidance on best practices is limited. Most models are trained with extensive compute resources until performance gains…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Xingyi Cheng , Bo Chen , Pan Li , Jing Gong , Jie Tang , Le Song

The remarkable progress in deep learning in recent years is largely driven by improvements in scale, where bigger models are trained on larger datasets for longer schedules. To predict the benefit of scale empirically, we argue for a more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Ibrahim Alabdulmohsin , Behnam Neyshabur , Xiaohua Zhai

Neural scaling laws have driven significant advancements in machine learning, particularly in domains like language modeling and computer vision. However, the exploration of neural scaling laws within robotics has remained relatively…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Sebastian Sartor , Neil Thompson

Downstream scaling laws aim to predict task performance at larger scales from the model's performance at smaller scales. Whether such prediction should be possible is unclear: some works discover clear linear scaling trends after simple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Nicholas Lourie , Michael Y. Hu , Kyunghyun Cho

While the scaling laws of large language models (LLMs) training have been extensively studied, optimal inference configurations of LLMs remain underexplored. We study inference scaling laws (aka test-time scaling laws) and compute-optimal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Yangzhen Wu , Zhiqing Sun , Shanda Li , Sean Welleck , Yiming Yang