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Answering questions related to the legal domain is a complex task, primarily due to the intricate nature and diverse range of legal document systems. Providing an accurate answer to a legal query typically necessitates specialized knowledge…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Abdelrahman Abdallah , Bhawna Piryani , Adam Jatowt

In this work, we study a critical research problem regarding the trustworthiness of large language models (LLMs): how LLMs behave when encountering ambiguous narrative text, with a particular focus on Chinese textual ambiguity. We created a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Xinwei Wu , Haojie Li , Hongyu Liu , Xinyu Ji , Ruohan Li , Yule Chen , Yigeng Zhang

The complexities of legalese in terms and policy documents can bind individuals to contracts they do not fully comprehend, potentially leading to uninformed data sharing. Our work seeks to alleviate this issue by developing language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-23 Shikha Soneji , Mitchell Hoesing , Sujay Koujalgi , Jonathan Dodge

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly expected to function as collaborative partners, engaging in back-and-forth dialogue to solve complex, ambiguous problems. However, current LLMs often falter in real-world settings, defaulting to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Tenghao Huang , Sihao Chen , Muhao Chen , Jonathan May , Longqi Yang , Mengting Wan , Pei Zhou

Financial institutions must track over 60,000 regulatory events annually, overwhelming manual compliance teams; the industry has paid over USD 300 billion in fines and settlements since the 2008 financial crisis. We present ComplianceNLP,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Dongxin Guo , Jikun Wu , Siu Ming Yiu

Users often make ambiguous requests that require clarification. We study the problem of asking clarification questions in an information retrieval setting, where systems often face ambiguous search queries and it is challenging to turn the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Yizhou Chi , Jessy Lin , Kevin Lin , Dan Klein

Current language understanding approaches focus on small documents, such as newswire articles, blog posts, product reviews and discussion forum entries. Understanding and extracting information from large documents like legal briefs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-09-05 Muhammad Mahbubur Rahman , Tim Finin

Ambiguity in natural language poses significant challenges to Large Language Models (LLMs) used for open-domain question answering. LLMs often struggle with the inherent uncertainties of human communication, leading to misinterpretations,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Aryan Keluskar , Amrita Bhattacharjee , Huan Liu

We introduce AmbigNLG, a novel task designed to tackle the challenge of task ambiguity in instructions for Natural Language Generation (NLG). Ambiguous instructions often impede the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs), especially in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Ayana Niwa , Hayate Iso

We study the problem of Open-Vocabulary Constructs(OVCs) -- ones not known beforehand -- in the context of converting natural language (NL) specifications into formal languages (e.g., temporal logic or code). Models fare poorly on OVCs due…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Mohammad Saqib Hasan , Sayontan Ghosh , Dhruv Verma , Geoff Kuenning , Erez Zadok , Scott A. Smolka , Niranjan Balasubramanian

Scientific text is complex as it contains technical terms by definition. Simplifying such text for non-domain experts enhances accessibility of innovation and information. Politicians could be enabled to understand new findings on topics on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Nico Hofmann , Julian Dauenhauer , Nils Ole Dietzler , Idehen Daniel Idahor , Christin Katharina Kreutz

Users often assume that large language models (LLMs) share their cognitive alignment of context and intent, leading them to omit critical information in question-answering (QA) and produce ambiguous queries. Responses based on misaligned…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Zongxi Li , Yang Li , Haoran Xie , S. Joe Qin

Constraint Logic Programming (CLP) is a logic programming formalism used to solve problems requiring the consideration of constraints, like resource allocation and automated planning and scheduling. It has previously been extended in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Jeroen Spaans , Jesse Heyninck

In this paper, we propose a new annotation scheme to classify different types of clauses in Terms-and-Conditions contracts with the ultimate goal of supporting legal experts to quickly identify and assess problematic issues in this type of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Pietro Giovanni Bizzaro , Elena Della Valentina , Maurizio Napolitano , Nadia Mana , Massimo Zancanaro

Local governance meeting records are official documents, in the form of minutes or transcripts, documenting how proposals, discussions, and procedural actions unfold during institutional meetings. While generally structured, these documents…

Verifying specifications for large-scale modern engineering systems can be a time-consuming task, as most formal verification methods are limited to systems of modest size. Recently, contract-based design and verification has been proposed…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-26 Miel Sharf , Bart Besselink , Karl Henrik Johansson

Counterfactual explanations (CFXs) provide human-understandable justifications for model predictions, enabling actionable recourse and enhancing interpretability. To be reliable, CFXs must avoid regions of high predictive uncertainty, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Aman Bilkhoo , Mehran Hosseini , Milad Kazemi , Nicola Paoletti

Questions in open-domain question answering are often ambiguous, allowing multiple interpretations. One approach to handling them is to identify all possible interpretations of the ambiguous question (AQ) and to generate a long-form answer…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Gangwoo Kim , Sungdong Kim , Byeongguk Jeon , Joonsuk Park , Jaewoo Kang

This work explores a new robust approach for Semantic Parsing of unrestricted texts. Our approach considers Semantic Parsing as a Consistent Labelling Problem (CLP), allowing the integration of several knowledge types (syntactic and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Jordi Atserias , Lluis Padro , German Rigau

Clarifying questions are an integral component of modern information retrieval systems, directly impacting user satisfaction and overall system performance. Poorly formulated questions can lead to user frustration and confusion, negatively…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Hossein A. Rahmani , Xi Wang , Mohammad Aliannejadi , Mohammadmehdi Naghiaei , Emine Yilmaz