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The Elo rating system has been recognised as an effective method for modelling students and items within adaptive educational systems. The existing Elo-based models have the limiting assumption that items are only tagged with a single…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2019-10-29 Solmaz Abdi , Hassan Khosravi , Shazia Sadiq , Dragan Gasevic

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, accurately and comprehensively evaluating their performance becomes increasingly challenging. Ranking the relative performance of LLMs based on Elo ratings, according to human judgment,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Minghao Wu , Alham Fikri Aji

The Elo rating system is widely adopted to evaluate the skills of (chess) game and sports players. Recently it has been also integrated into machine learning algorithms in evaluating the performance of computerised AI agents. However, an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-21 Xue Yan , Yali Du , Binxin Ru , Jun Wang , Haifeng Zhang , Xu Chen

In Natural Language Processing (NLP), the Elo rating system, originally designed for ranking players in dynamic games such as chess, is increasingly being used to evaluate Large Language Models (LLMs) through "A vs B" paired comparisons.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Meriem Boubdir , Edward Kim , Beyza Ermis , Sara Hooker , Marzieh Fadaee

An intelligent tutoring system (ITS) aims to provide instructions and exercises tailored to the ability of a student. To do this, the ITS needs to estimate the ability based on student input. Rather than including frequent full-scale tests…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-12 Karl Sigfrid , Ellinor Fackle-Fornius , Frank Miller

This paper presents an original model for assessing scientific productivity, research power ranking, RPR, which is based on the adaptation of the Elo rating system to the context of scientific activity. Unlike traditional scientometric…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-04-30 Eldar Knar

As Large Language Models (LLMs) achieve breakthroughs in complex reasoning, Codeforces-based Elo ratings have emerged as a prominent metric for evaluating competitive programming capabilities. However, these ratings are often reported…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Shenyu Zheng , Ximing Dong , Xiaoshuang Liu , Gustavo Oliva , Chong Chun Yong , Dayi Lin , Boyuan Chen , Shaowei Wang , Ahmed E. Hassan

Improvements in performance and approval obtained by first year engineering students from University of Concepcion, Chile, were studied, once a virtual didactic model of multiple-choice exam, was implemented. This virtual learning resource…

Physics Education · Physics 2015-06-12 Leonardo Bennun , Mauricio Santibanez

Rating systems play an important role in competitive sports and games. They provide a measure of player skill, which incentivizes competitive performances and enables balanced match-ups. In this paper, we present a novel Bayesian rating…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2021-01-05 Aram Ebtekar , Paul Liu

In this work, we explore the Large Language Model (LLM) agent reviewer dynamics in an Elo-ranked review system using real-world conference paper submissions. Multiple LLM agent reviewers with different personas are engage in multi round…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Hsiang-Wei Huang , Junbin Lu , Kuang-Ming Chen , Jenq-Neng Hwang

Label error is a ubiquitous problem in annotated data. Large amounts of label error substantially degrades the quality of deep learning models. Existing methods to tackle the label error problem largely focus on the classification task, and…

The ability to accurately predict and analyze student performance in online education, both at the outset and throughout the semester, is vital. Most of the published studies focus on binary classification (Fail or Pass) but there is still…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Naveed Ur Rehman Junejo , Muhammad Wasim Nawaz , Qingsheng Huang , Xiaoqing Dong , Chang Wang , Gengzhong Zheng

We suggest an improvement of the Elo rating system. Whereas Elo's theoretical background remains unaffected, we significantly change the way in which rating values are adjusted. It turns out that the modified system behaves much more…

Classical Analysis and ODEs · Mathematics 2018-01-17 Fabian Langholf

The prevailing educational methods predominantly rely on traditional classroom instruction or online delivery, often limiting the teachers' ability to engage effectively with all the students simultaneously. A more intrinsic method of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Swati Chowdhuri , Satadip Saha , Samadrita Karmakar , Ankur Chanda

Simulations are a pedagogical means of enabling a risk-free way for healthcare practitioners to learn, maintain, or enhance their knowledge and skills. Such simulations should provide an optimum amount of cognitive load to the learner and…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2020-02-05 Pritam Sarkar , Kyle Ross , Aaron J. Ruberto , Dirk Rodenburg , Paul Hungler , Ali Etemad

We present a theoretical analysis of the Elo rating system, a popular method for ranking skills of players in an online setting. In particular, we study Elo under the Bradley--Terry--Luce model and, using techniques from Markov chain…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-06-11 Sam Olesker-Taylor , Luca Zanetti

Online education platforms have experienced explosive growth over the past decade, generating massive volumes of user-generated content in the form of reviews, ratings, and behavioral logs. These heterogeneous signals provide unprecedented…

Graphics · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Arman Bekov , Azamat Nurgali

We developed a new integrated learning and optimization (ILO) methodology to predict context-aware unknown parameters in economic dispatch (ED), a crucial problem in power systems solved to generate optimal power dispatching decisions to…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-03 Imran Pervez , Omar Knio

Accurate prediction of clinical outcomes using Electronic Health Records (EHRs) is critical for early intervention, efficient resource allocation, and improved patient care. EHRs contain multimodal data, including both structured data and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Rituparna Datta , Jiaming Cui , Zihan Guan , Vishal G. Reddy , Joshua C. Eby , Gregory Madden , Rupesh Silwal , Anil Vullikanti

Online reinforcement learning (RL) is increasingly popular for the personalized mobile health (mHealth) intervention. It is able to personalize the type and dose of interventions according to user's ongoing statuses and changing needs.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-05-23 Feiyun Zhu , Peng Liao
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