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This paper investigates the role of flexible connection in accelerating the interconnection of large loads amid rising electricity demand from data centers and electrification. Flexible connection allows new loads to defer or curtail…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-14 Nan Gu , Ge Chen , Junjie Qin

Flexible energy resources can help balance the power grid by providing different types of ancillary services. However, the balancing potential of most types of resources is restricted by physical constraints such as the size of their energy…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-06-22 Fabian L. Müller , Stefan Woerner , John Lygeros

Thermostatically Controlled Loads (TCLs) such as air conditioners and water heaters typically maintain their temperature within a preset range using on/off actuation. These types of loads are inherently flexible: many different power…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-15 Austin Coffman , Neil Cammardella , Prabir Barooah , Sean Meyn

Adaptivity is a dynamical feature that is omnipresent in nature, socio-economics, and technology. For example, adaptive couplings appear in various real-world systems like the power grid, social, and neural networks, and they form the…

Sustainable energy systems require flexible elements to balance the variability of renewable energy sources. Demand response aims to adapt the demand to the variable generation, in particular by shifting the load in time. In this article,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2022-07-04 Chengyuan Han , Dirk Witthaut , Leonardo Rydin Gorjão , Philipp C. Böttcher

Flexibility is a cornerstone of operations management, crucial to hedge stochasticity in product demands, service requirements, and resource allocation. In two-sided platforms, flexibility is also two-sided and can be viewed as the…

General Economics · Economics 2026-03-24 Daniel Freund , Sébastien Martin , Jiayu Kamessi Zhao

Real-time quantification of residential building energy flexibility is needed to enable a cost-efficient operation of active distribution grids. A promising means is to use the so-called flexibility envelope concept to represent the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-04-16 Nami Hekmat , Hanmin Cai , Thierry Zufferey , Gabriela Hug , Philipp Heer

We propose a complexity measure which addresses the functional flexibility of networks. It is conjectured that the functional flexibility is reflected in the topological diversity of the assigned graphs, resulting from a resolution of their…

Condensed Matter · Physics 2009-11-10 Hildegard Meyer-Ortmanns

Demand-side management provides a great potential for improving the efficiency and reliability of energy systems. This requires a mechanism to connect the market level and the demand side. The flexibility function is a novel approach that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-27 Seyed Shahabaldin Tohidi , Tobias K. S. Ritschel , Georgios Tsaousoglou , Uffe Høgsbro Thygesen , Henrik Madsen

The rapid growth of data centres poses an evolving challenge for power systems with high variable renewable energy. Traditionally operated as passive electrical loads, data centres, have the potential to become active participants that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Mehmet Turker Takci , James Day , Meysam Qadrdan

To the best of our knowledge, this paper proposes for the first time a design of a continuous local flexibility market that explicitly considers network constraints. Continuous markets are expected to be the most appropriate design option…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-10-12 Eléa Prat , Lars Herre , Jalal Kazempour , Spyros Chatzivasileiadis

Because of increasing amounts of intermittent and distributed generators in power systems, many demand response programs have been developed to schedule flexible energy consumption. However, proper benchmarks for comparing these methods are…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2021-03-19 Koos van der Linden , Natalia Romero , Mathijs M. de Weerdt

Renewable energy productions and electrification of mobility are promising solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Their effective integration in a power grid encounters several challenges. The uncertain nature of renewable energy…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-01-11 Manijeh Alipour , Omid Alizadeh-Mousavi

This paper discusses desirable properties of forecasting models in production systems. It then develops a family of models which are designed to satisfy these properties: highly customizable to capture complex patterns; accommodates a large…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-05-05 Reza Hosseini , Kaixu Yang , Albert Chen , Sayan Patra

Locational Marginal Price (LMP) is a dual variable associated with supply-demand matching and represents the cost of delivering power to a particular location if the load at that location increases. In recent times it become more volatile…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-11-07 Shantanu Chakraborty , Remco Verzijlbergh , Milos Cvetkovic , Kyri Baker , Zofia Lukszo

Load shifting by commercial and industrial power consumers reduces costs and Scope 2 emissions for the consumer and the grid. Incentivizing this behavior requires tools for valuing flexibility amidst the heterogeneity in load…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-20 Akshay K. Rao , Fletcher T. Chapin , Erin Musabandesu , Adhithyan Sakthivelu , Carson Tucker , Daly Wettermark , Meagan S. Mauter

The power grid is undergoing significant restructuring driven by the adoption of wind/solar power and the incorporation of new flexible technologies that can shift load in space and time (e.g., data centers, battery storage, and modular…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-03-21 Weiqi Zhang , Victor M. Zavala

With an increasing share of electric energy produced from non-dispatchable renewable sources both energy storage and demand side management might gain tremendously in importance. While there has been significant progress in general…

Physics and Society · Physics 2014-01-17 David Kleinhans

Due to their slow gas flow dynamics, natural gas pipelines function as short-term storage, the so-called linepack. By efficiently utilizing linepack, the natural gas system can provide flexibility to the power system through the flexible…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-22 Enrica Raheli , Yannick Werner , Jalal Kazempour

Flexible loads, i.e. the loads whose power trajectory is not bound to a specific one, constitute a sizable portion of current and future electric demand. This flexibility can be used to improve the performance of the grid, should the right…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2014-07-08 Mahdi Kefayati , Ross Baldick