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Modern metrics for generative learning like Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) and DINOv2-Fr\'echet Distance (FD-DINOv2) demonstrate impressive performance. However, they suffer from various shortcomings, like a bias towards specific…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Lokesh Veeramacheneni , Moritz Wolter , Hildegard Kuehne , Juergen Gall

The success of deep learning-based generative models in producing realistic images, videos, and audios has led to a crucial consideration: how to effectively assess the quality of synthetic samples. While the Fr\'{e}chet Inception Distance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Yang Chen , Dustin J. Kempton , Rafal A. Angryk

Deep Generative Models (DGMs) are widely used to create innovative designs across multiple industries, ranging from fashion to the automotive sector. In addition to generating images of high visual quality, the task of structural design…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-21 Jiajie Fan , Laure Vuaille , Thomas Bäck , Hao Wang

Determining whether two sets of images belong to the same or different distributions or domains is a crucial task in modern medical image analysis and deep learning; for example, to evaluate the output quality of image generative models.…

Perceptual metrics, like the Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID), are widely used to assess the similarity between synthetically generated and ground truth (real) images. The key idea behind these metrics is to compute errors in a deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-14 Krish Kabra , Guha Balakrishnan

As with many machine learning problems, the progress of image generation methods hinges on good evaluation metrics. One of the most popular is the Frechet Inception Distance (FID). FID estimates the distance between a distribution of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Sadeep Jayasumana , Srikumar Ramalingam , Andreas Veit , Daniel Glasner , Ayan Chakrabarti , Sanjiv Kumar

Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID), computed with an ImageNet pretrained Inception-v3 network, is widely used as a state-of-the-art evaluation metric for generative models. It assumes that feature vectors from Inception-v3 follow a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Yuli Wu , Fucheng Liu , Rüveyda Yilmaz , Henning Konermann , Peter Walter , Johannes Stegmaier

Feature embeddings acquired from pretrained models are widely used in medical applications of deep learning to assess the characteristics of datasets; e.g. to determine the quality of synthetic, generated medical images. The Fr\'{e}chet…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Ciaran Bench , Vivek Desai , Carlijn Roozemond , Ruben van Engen , Spencer A. Thomas

We introduce a new metric to assess the quality of generated images that is more reliable, data-efficient, compute-efficient, and adaptable to new domains than the previous metrics, such as Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID). The proposed…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Pranav Jeevan , Neeraj Nixon , Amit Sethi

We propose the Fr\'echet Audio Distance (FAD), a novel, reference-free evaluation metric for music enhancement algorithms. We demonstrate how typical evaluation metrics for speech enhancement and blind source separation can fail to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2019-01-18 Kevin Kilgour , Mauricio Zuluaga , Dominik Roblek , Matthew Sharifi

The new wave of successful generative models in machine learning has increased the interest in deep learning driven de novo drug design. However, assessing the performance of such generative models is notoriously difficult. Metrics that are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-08-02 Kristina Preuer , Philipp Renz , Thomas Unterthiner , Sepp Hochreiter , Günter Klambauer

Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) is the primary metric for ranking models in data-driven generative modeling. While remarkably successful, the metric is known to sometimes disagree with human judgement. We investigate a root cause of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-02-15 Tuomas Kynkäänniemi , Tero Karras , Miika Aittala , Timo Aila , Jaakko Lehtinen

This report presents the comprehensive implementation, evaluation, and optimization of Denoising Diffusion Probabilistic Models (DDPMs) and Denoising Diffusion Implicit Models (DDIMs), which are state-of-the-art generative models. During…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-20 Jaineet Shah , Michael Gromis , Rickston Pinto

Devising indicative evaluation metrics for the image generation task remains an open problem. The most widely used metric for measuring the similarity between real and generated images has been the Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) score.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Muhammad Ferjad Naeem , Seong Joon Oh , Youngjung Uh , Yunjey Choi , Jaejun Yoo

The quality of synthetically generated images (e.g. those produced by diffusion models) are often evaluated using information about image contents encoded by pretrained auxiliary models. For example, the Fr\'{e}chet Inception Distance (FID)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Ciaran Bench , Spencer A. Thomas

Generative adversarial networks or GANs are a type of generative modeling framework. GANs involve a pair of neural networks engaged in a competition in iteratively creating fake data, indistinguishable from the real data. One notable…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Eric J. Nunn , Pejman Khadivi , Shadrokh Samavi

In the era of generative AI, deep generative models (DGMs) with latent representations have gained tremendous popularity. Despite their impressive empirical performance, the statistical properties of these models remain underexplored. DGMs…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-07 Seunghyun Lee , Yuqi Gu

Recent advances in generative modeling have led to an increased interest in the study of statistical divergences as means of model comparison. Commonly used evaluation methods, such as the Frechet Inception Distance (FID), correlate well…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-10-30 Mehdi S. M. Sajjadi , Olivier Bachem , Mario Lucic , Olivier Bousquet , Sylvain Gelly

The rapid advancement of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) necessitates the need to robustly evaluate these models. Among the established evaluation criteria, the Fr\'{e}chetInception Distance (FID) has been widely adopted due to its…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Lorenzo Luzi , Helen Jenne , Ryan Murray , Carlos Ortiz Marrero

The rapid advancement of natural language processing, information retrieval (IR), computer vision, and other technologies has presented significant challenges in evaluating the performance of these systems. One of the main challenges is the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Negar Arabzadeh , Charles L. A. Clarke
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