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Deep generative models such as Variational Autoencoders (VAEs), Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), Diffusion Models, and Transformers, have shown great promise in a variety of applications, including image and speech synthesis, natural…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Lyle Regenwetter , Akash Srivastava , Dan Gutfreund , Faez Ahmed

The growth of generative adversarial network (GAN) models has increased the ability of image processing and provides numerous industries with the technology to produce realistic image transformations. However, with the field being recently…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Ricardo de Deijn , Aishwarya Batra , Brandon Koch , Naseef Mansoor , Hema Makkena

Generative artificial intelligence (AI) models in smart grids have advanced significantly in recent years due to their ability to generate large amounts of synthetic data, which would otherwise be difficult to obtain in the real world due…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Yuting Cai , Shaohuai Liu , Chao Tian , Le Xie

Implicit generative models, which do not return likelihood values, such as generative adversarial networks and diffusion models, have become prevalent in recent years. While it is true that these models have shown remarkable results,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-23 Eyal Betzalel , Coby Penso , Aviv Navon , Ethan Fetaya

Evaluating the performance of generative models in image synthesis is a challenging task. Although the Fr\'echet Inception Distance is a widely accepted evaluation metric, it integrates different aspects (e.g., fidelity and diversity) of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-06-07 Ryoungwoo Jang , Minjee Kim , Da-in Eun , Kyungjin Cho , Jiyeon Seo , Namkug Kim

This work evaluates the robustness of quality measures of generative models such as Inception Score (IS) and Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID). Analogous to the vulnerability of deep models against a variety of adversarial attacks, we show…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-07-21 Motasem Alfarra , Juan C. Pérez , Anna Frühstück , Philip H. S. Torr , Peter Wonka , Bernard Ghanem

One way to interpret trained deep neural networks (DNNs) is by inspecting characteristics that neurons in the model respond to, such as by iteratively optimising the model input (e.g., an image) to maximally activate specific neurons.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-02 Saumitra Mishra , Daniel Stoller , Emmanouil Benetos , Bob L. Sturm , Simon Dixon

Evaluating the realism of generated images remains a fundamental challenge in generative modeling. Existing distributional metrics such as the Frechet Inception Distance (FID) and CLIP-MMD (CMMD) compare feature distributions at a semantic…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Joé Napolitano , Pascal Nguyen

The Fr\'echet Video Distance (FVD) is a widely adopted metric for evaluating video generation distribution quality. However, its effectiveness relies on critical assumptions. Our analysis reveals three significant limitations: (1) the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Ge Ya Luo , Gian Mario Favero , Zhi Hao Luo , Alexia Jolicoeur-Martineau , Christopher Pal

We show that Fr\'echet Distance (FD), long considered impractical as a training objective, can in fact be effectively optimized in the representation space. Our idea is simple: decouple the population size for FD estimation (e.g., 50k) from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-01 Jiawei Yang , Zhengyang Geng , Xuan Ju , Yonglong Tian , Yue Wang

The Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) has been used to evaluate hundreds of generative models. We introduce FastFID, which can efficiently train generative models with FID as a loss function. Using FID as an additional loss for Generative…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-04-15 Alexander Mathiasen , Frederik Hvilshøj

Fr\'echet Inception Distance (FID) is widely used to evaluate image generators, yet lower FID does not always correspond to better sample quality. We show that this mismatch depends in part on the geometry of the reference dataset. In a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yunghee Lee , Byeonghyun Pak

The growing popularity of generative music models underlines the need for perceptually relevant, objective music quality metrics. The Frechet Audio Distance (FAD) is commonly used for this purpose even though its correlation with perceptual…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-07 Azalea Gui , Hannes Gamper , Sebastian Braun , Dimitra Emmanouilidou

The past few years have seen impressive progress in the development of deep generative models capable of producing high-dimensional, complex, and photo-realistic data. However, current methods for evaluating such models remain incomplete:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Marco Jiralerspong , Avishek Joey Bose , Ian Gemp , Chongli Qin , Yoram Bachrach , Gauthier Gidel

The evaluation of synthetic micro-structure images is an emerging problem as machine learning and materials science research have evolved together. Typical state of the art methods in evaluating synthetic images from generative models have…

Materials Science · Physics 2022-11-18 Devesh Shah , Anirudh Suresh , Alemayehu Admasu , Devesh Upadhyay , Kalyanmoy Deb

In generative modeling, numerous successful approaches leverage a low-dimensional latent space, e.g., Stable Diffusion models the latent space induced by an encoder and generates images through a paired decoder. Although the selection of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Tianyang Hu , Fei Chen , Haonan Wang , Jiawei Li , Wenjia Wang , Jiacheng Sun , Zhenguo Li

Hypergraph data, which capture multi-way interactions among entities, are increasingly prevalent in the big data era. Generating new hyperlinks from an observed, usually high-dimensional hypergraph is an important yet challenging task with…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-14 Shihao Wu , Junyi Yang , Gongjun Xu , Ji Zhu

Measuring the generalization capacity of Deep Generative Models (DGMs) is difficult because of the curse of dimensionality. Evaluation metrics for DGMs such as Inception Score, Fr\'echet Inception Distance, Precision-Recall, and Neural Net…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-25 Hoang Thanh-Tung , Truyen Tran

Most evaluations of generative models rely on feature-distribution metrics such as FID, which operate on continuous recognition features that are explicitly trained to be invariant to appearance variations, and thus discard cues critical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Zexi Jia , Pengcheng Luo , Yijia Zhong , Jinchao Zhang , Jie Zhou

Recent work (Bengio et al., 2013) has shown howDenoising Auto-Encoders(DAE) become gener-ative models as a density estimator. However,in practice, the framework suffers from a mixingproblem in the MCMC sampling process and nodirect method…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-01-31 Dong-Hyun Lee