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We present a new universal source code for distributions of unlabeled binary and ordinal trees that achieves optimal compression to within lower order terms for all tree sources covered by existing universal codes. At the same time, it…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2021-09-06 J. Ian Munro , Patrick K. Nicholson , Louisa Seelbach Benkner , Sebastian Wild

QR codes are nowadays customarily used for embedding static data such as web hyperlinks or plain text. The sQRy technology (executable QR codes) permits to embed executable programs in QR codes, enabling people to interact with them even…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Stefano Scanzio , Paolo Campagnale , Pietro Chiavassa , Gianluca Cena

From the perspective of tree, we design a length-flexible coding scheme. For an arbitrary code length, we first construct a balanced binary tree (BBT) where the root node represents a transmitted codeword, the leaf nodes represent either…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-04-11 Xinyuanmeng Yao , Xiao Ma

Alphabetic codes and binary search trees are combinatorial structures that abstract search procedures in ordered sets endowed with probability distributions. In this paper, we design new linear-time algorithms to construct alphabetic codes,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-07-24 Roberto Bruno , Roberto De Prisco , Alfredo De Santis , Ugo Vaccaro

Chinese word segmentation is a fundamental task for Chinese language processing. The granularity mismatch problem is the main cause of the errors. This paper showed that the binary tree representation can store outputs with different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-05-20 Kaixu Zhang , Can Wang , Maosong Sun

XSLT is a standard rule-based programming language for expressing transformations of XML data. The language is currently in transition from version 1.0 to 2.0. In order to understand the computational consequences of this transition, we…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Wim Janssen , Alexandr Korlyukov , Jan Van den Bussche

We formulate code concatenation as the action of a unitary quantum circuit on an expanding tree geometry and find that for certain classes of gates, applied identically at each node, a binary tree circuit encodes a single logical qubit with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-03 Grace M. Sommers , David A. Huse , Michael J. Gullans

Phylogenetic networks are graphs that are used to represent evolutionary relationships between different taxa. They generalize phylogenetic trees since for example, unlike trees, they permit lineages to combine. Recently, there has been…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-08-05 Katharina T. Huber , Leo van Iersel , Mark Jones , Vincent Moulton , Leonie Veenema - Nipius

Bringing high-level machine learning models to efficient and well-suited machine implementations often invokes a bunch of tools, e.g.~code generators, compilers, and optimizers. Along such tool chains, abstractions have to be applied. This…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-11 Daniel Biebert , Christian Hakert , Kuan-Hsun Chen , Jian-Jia Chen

We present an axiomatic framework for analyzing the algorithmic properties of decision trees. This framework supports the classification of decision tree problems through structural and ancestral constraints within a rigorous mathematical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Xi He , Max A. Little

The decision tree is one of the most fundamental programming abstractions. A commonly used type of decision tree is the alphabetic binary tree, which uses (without loss of generality) ``less than'' versus ''greater than or equal to'' tests…

Performance · Computer Science 2007-07-13 Michael B. Baer

We observe that a standard transformation between \emph{ordinal} trees (arbitrary rooted trees with ordered children) and binary trees leads to interesting succinct binary tree representations. There are four symmetric versions of these…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2014-10-21 Pooya Davoodi , Rajeev Raman , Srinivasa Rao Satti

Over the past decade, adaptive video streaming technology has witnessed significant advancements, particularly driven by the rapid evolution of deep learning techniques. However, the black-box nature of deep learning algorithms presents…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-08-25 Lianchen Jia , Chaoyang Li , Ziqi Yuan , Jiahui Chen , Tianchi Huang , Jiangchuan Liu , Lifeng Sun

The next-generation Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard introduces a new Multi-Type Tree (MTT) block partitioning structure that supports Binary-Tree (BT) and Ternary-Tree (TT) splits in both vertical and horizontal directions. This new…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-12-29 Alexandre Tissier , Wassim Hamidouche , Souhaiel Belhadj Dit Mdalsi , Jarno Vanne , Franck Galpin , Daniel Menard

The tree based representation described in this paper, hereditarily binary numbers, applies recursively a run-length compression mechanism that enables computations limited by the structural complexity of their operands rather than by their…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2013-07-18 Paul Tarau

On the one hand, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are commonly labelled as black-boxes, lacking interpretability; an issue that hinders human understanding of ANNs' behaviors. A need exists to generate a meaningful sequential logic of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-19 Duy T. Nguyen , Kathryn E. Kasmarik , Hussein A. Abbass

A $k$-decision tree $t$ (or $k$-tree) is a recursive partition of a matrix (2D-signal) into $k\geq 1$ block matrices (axis-parallel rectangles, leaves) where each rectangle is assigned a real label. Its regression or classification loss to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-08 Ibrahim Jubran , Ernesto Evgeniy Sanches Shayda , Ilan Newman , Dan Feldman

Quick Response (QR) code is one of the most worldwide used two-dimensional codes.~Traditional QR codes appear as random collections of black-and-white modules that lack visual semantics and aesthetic elements, which inspires the recent…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-11-17 Hao Su , Jianwei Niu , Xuefeng Liu , Qingfeng Li , Ji Wan , Mingliang Xu , Tao Ren

Developing effective and efficient recommendation methods is very challenging for modern e-commerce platforms. Generally speaking, two essential modules named "Click-Through Rate Prediction" (\textit{CTR}) and "Conversion Rate Prediction"…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-11-20 Hong Wen , Jing Zhang , Quan Lin , Keping Yang , Pipei Huang

Traditional error-correcting codes (ECCs) assume a fixed message length, but many scenarios involve ongoing or indefinite transmissions where the message length is not known in advance. For example, when streaming a video, the user should…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Klim Efremenko , Or Zamir