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Eye-tracking technology is widely used in various application areas such as psychology, neuroscience, marketing, and human-computer interaction, as it is a valuable tool for understanding how people process information and interact with…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Enkelejda Kasneci , Hong Gao , Suleyman Ozdel , Virmarie Maquiling , Enkeleda Thaqi , Carrie Lau , Yao Rong , Gjergji Kasneci , Efe Bozkir

We study the problem of identifying individuals based on their characteristic gaze patterns during reading of arbitrary text. The motivation for this problem is an unobtrusive biometric setting in which a user is observed during access to a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-07-20 Ahmed Abdelwahab , Reinhold Kliegl , Niels Landwehr

Optical Character Recognition (OCR) is an established task with the objective of identifying the text present in an image. While many off-the-shelf OCR models exist, they are often trained for either scientific (e.g., formulae) or generic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Nan Zhang , Connor Heaton , Sean Timothy Okonsky , Prasenjit Mitra , Hilal Ezgi Toraman

There is a growing interest in the combined use of NLP and machine learning methods to predict gaze patterns during naturalistic reading. While promising results have been obtained through the use of transformer-based language models,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-16 Daniel Wiechmann , Yu Qiao , Elma Kerz , Justus Mattern

When reading, we often have specific information that interests us in a text. For example, you might be reading this paper because you are curious about LLMs for eye movements in reading, the experimental design, or perhaps you wonder…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Cfir Avraham Hadar , Omer Shubi , Yoav Meiri , Amit Heshes , Yevgeni Berzak

Eye-tracking has potential to provide rich behavioral data about human cognition in ecologically valid environments. However, analyzing this rich data is often challenging. Most automated analyses are specific to simplistic artificial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Karan Uppal , Jaeah Kim , Shashank Singh

We conducted an eye-tracking study where 30 participants performed searches on the web. We measured their topical knowledge before and after each task. Their eye-fixations were labelled as "reading" or "scanning". The series of reading…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2019-08-16 Nilavra Bhattacharya , Jacek Gwizdka

JaTeCS is an open source Java library that supports research on automatic text categorization and other related problems, such as ordinal regression and quantification, which are of special interest in opinion mining applications. It covers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-06-22 Andrea Esuli , Tiziano Fagni , Alejandro Moreo Fernandez

The use of visually-rich documents (VRDs) in various fields has created a demand for Document AI models that can read and comprehend documents like humans, which requires the overcoming of technical, linguistic, and cognitive barriers.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Hao Wang , Qingxuan Wang , Yue Li , Changqing Wang , Chenhui Chu , Rui Wang

Reading plays a vital role in updating the researchers on recent developments in the field, including but not limited to solutions to various problems and collaborative studies between disciplines. Prior studies identify reading patterns to…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2022-05-18 Bhanuka Mahanama , Gavindya Jayawardena , Yasasi Abeysinghe , Vikas Ashok , Sampath Jayarathna

Researchers working in areas such as lexicography, translation studies, and computational linguistics, use a combination of automated and semi-automated tools to analyze the content of text corpora. Keywords, named entities, and events are…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Shane Sheehan , Saturnino Luz , Masood Masoodian

This paper presents the development and validation of an eye-tracking dataset designed to investigate how second-language (L2) learners process idiomatic expressions. While native speakers often rely on direct retrieval of figurative…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Eduardo Santos , Juliana Carvalho , César Rennó-Costa

When humans read text, they fixate some words and skip others. However, there have been few attempts to explain skipping behavior with computational models, as most existing work has focused on predicting reading times (e.g.,~using…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-04-25 Michael Hahn , Frank Keller

We present a new dataset with annotated eye movements. The dataset consists of over 800,000 gaze points recorded during a car ride in the real world and in the simulator. In total, the eye movements of 19 subjects were annotated. In this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-01-13 Wolfgang Fuhl , Enkelejda Kasneci

Eye tracking tools are used in software engineering research to study various software development activities. However, a major limitation of these tools is their inability to track gaze data for activities that involve source code editing.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Sarah Fakhoury , Devjeet Roy , Harry Pines , Tyler Cleveland , Cole Peterson , Venera Arnaoudova , Bonita Sharif , Jonathan Maletic

Computer vision tasks such as object detection and semantic/instance segmentation rely on the painstaking annotation of large training datasets. In this paper, we propose LocTex that takes advantage of the low-cost localized textual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-27 Zhijian Liu , Simon Stent , Jie Li , John Gideon , Song Han

Reading is a process that unfolds across space and time, alternating between fixations where a reader focuses on a specific point in space, and saccades where a reader rapidly shifts their focus to a new point. An ansatz of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-26 Francesco Ignazio Re , Andreas Opedal , Glib Manaiev , Mario Giulianelli , Ryan Cotterell

We present TEyeD, the world's largest unified public data set of eye images taken with head-mounted devices. TEyeD was acquired with seven different head-mounted eye trackers. Among them, two eye trackers were integrated into virtual…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-07 Wolfgang Fuhl , Gjergji Kasneci , Enkelejda Kasneci

Existing datasets available for crosslinguistic investigations have tended to focus on large amounts of data for a small group of languages or a small amount of data for a large number of languages. This means that claims based on these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Hiram Ring

In the study of reading, eye-tracking technology offers unique insights into the time-course of how individuals extract information from text. A significant hurdle in using multi-line paragraph stimuli is the need to align eye gaze position…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Thomas M. Mercier , Marcin Budka , Bernhard Angele , Martin R. Vasilev , Timothy J. Slattery , Julie A Kirkby