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Cross-chain bridges are used to facilitate token and data exchanges across blockchains. Although bridges are becoming increasingly popular, they are still in their infancy and have been attacked multiple times recently, causing significant…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-21 Mengya Zhang , Xiaokuan Zhang , Josh Barbee , Yinqian Zhang , Zhiqiang Lin

Blockchain technology has revolutionized industries by enabling secure and decentralized transactions. However, the isolated nature of blockchain ecosystems hinders the seamless transfer of digital assets across different chains.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-08 Nikita Belenkov , Valerian Callens , Alexandr Murashkin , Kacper Bak , Martin Derka , Jan Gorzny , Sung-Shine Lee

Blockchain bridges have become essential infrastructure for enabling interoperability across different blockchain networks, with more than $24B monthly bridge transaction volume. However, their growing adoption has been accompanied by a…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Poupak Azad , Jiahua Xu , Yebo Feng , Preston Strowbridge , Cuneyt Akcora

The blockchain ecosystem has evolved into a multi-chain world with various blockchains vying for use. Although each blockchain may have its own native cryptocurrency or digital assets, there are use cases to transfer these assets between…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-10-31 Sung-Shine Lee , Alexandr Murashkin , Martin Derka , Jan Gorzny

Cross-chain bridges are a type of middleware for blockchain interoperability that supports the transfer of assets and data across blockchains. However, several of these bridges have vulnerabilities that have caused 3.2 billion dollars in…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-09 André Augusto , Rafael Belchior , Jonas Pfannschmidt , André Vasconcelos , Miguel Correia

Cross-Chain bridges have become the most popular solution to support asset interoperability between heterogeneous blockchains. However, while providing efficient and flexible cross-chain asset transfer, the complex workflow involving both…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Jiashuo Zhang , Jianbo Gao , Yue Li , Ziming Chen , Zhi Guan , Zhong Chen

Between 2021 and 2023, crypto assets valued at over \$US2.6 billion were stolen via attacks on "bridges" -- decentralized services designed to allow inter-blockchain exchange. While the individual exploits in each attack vary, a single…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Enze Liu , Elisa Luo , Jian Chen Yan , Katherine Izhikevich , Stewart Grant , Deian Stefan , Geoffrey M Voelker , Stefan Savage

Cross-chain bridges are essential decentralized applications (DApps) to facilitate interoperability between different blockchain networks. Unlike regular DApps, the functionality of cross-chain bridges relies on the collaboration of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Jiajing Wu , Kaixin Lin , Dan Lin , Bozhao Zhang , Zhiying Wu , Jianzhong Su

Modern blockchain ecosystems comprise many heterogeneous networks, creating a growing need for interoperability. Cross-chain bridges provide the core infrastructure for this interoperability by enabling verifiable state transitions that…

Performance · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Yiyue Cao , Mingzhe Zheng , Lin William Cong , Siguang Li , Xuechao Wang

As an emerging service framework built by combining cryptography, P2P network, consensus mechanism and innovative contract technology, blockchain has been widely used in digital finance, data sharing, message traceability and electronic…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Wenwen Zhou , Dongyang Lyu , Xiaoqi Li

With the advent of decentralised digital currencies powered by blockchain technology, a new era of peer-to-peer transactions has commenced. The rapid growth of the cryptocurrency economy has led to increased use of transaction-enabling…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Yimika Erinle , Yathin Kethepalli , Yebo Feng , Jiahua Xu

Blockchain is a growing decentralized system built for transparency and immutability. There have been several major attacks on blockchain-based systems, leaving a gap in the trustability of this system. This article presents a comprehensive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Joydip Das , Syed Ashraf Al Tasin , Md. Forhad Rabbi , Md Sadek Ferdous

Cross-chain bridges play a vital role in enabling blockchain interoperability. However, due to the inherent design flaws and the enormous value they hold, they have become prime targets for hacker attacks. Existing detection methods show…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-29 Dan Lin , Shunfeng Lu , Ziyan Liu , Jiajing Wu , Junyuan Fang , Kaixin Lin , Bowen Song , Zibin Zheng

With the increasing popularity of blockchain, different blockchain platforms coexist in the ecosystem (e.g., Ethereum, BNB, EOSIO, etc.), which prompts the high demand for cross-chain communication. Cross-chain bridge is a specific type of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Zeqin Liao , Yuhong Nan , Henglong Liang , Sicheng Hao , Juan Zhai , Jiajing Wu , Zibin Zheng

Cross-chain interoperability is a core component of modern blockchain infrastructure, enabling seamless asset transfers and composable applications across multiple blockchain ecosystems. However, the transparency of cross-chain messages can…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Chuanlei Li , Zhicheng Sun , Jing Xin Yuu , Xuechao Wang

Blockchain gaming is an emerging entertainment paradigm. However, blockchain games are still suffering from security issues, due to the immature blockchain technologies and its unsophisticated developers. In this work, we analyzed the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-06-14 Tian Min , Wei Cai

Due to their interesting features, blockchains have become popular in recent years. They are full-stack systems where security is a critical factor for their success. The main focus of this work is to systematize knowledge about security…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-04-16 Ivan Homoliak , Sarad Venugopalan , Qingze Hum , Pawel Szalachowski

Blockchain platforms and smart contracts are vulnerable to security breaches. Security breaches of smart contracts have led to huge financial losses in terms of cryptocurrencies and tokens. In this paper, we present a systematic survey of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2022-12-16 S. Vani , M. Doshi , A. Nanavati , A. Kundu

As time progresses, the need for more secure applications grows exponentially. The different types of sensitive information that is being transferred virtually has sparked a rise in systems that leverage blockchain. Different sectors are…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Myles Lewis , Chris Crawford

Cryptocurrency is a novel exploration of a form of currency that proposes a decentralized electronic payment scheme based on blockchain technology and cryptographic theory. While cryptocurrency has the security characteristics of being…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-31 Zekai Liu , Xiaoqi Li
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