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We define isoclinism of skew braces and present several applications. We study some properties of skew braces that are invariant under isoclinism. For example, we prove that right nilpotency is an isoclinism invariant. This result has…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-06-30 Thomas Letourmy , Leandro Vendramin

Using Bieberbach groups we study multipermutation involutive solutions to the Yang-Baxter equation. We use a linear representation of the structure group of an involutive solution to study the unique product property in such groups. An…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2020-03-11 E. Acri , R. Lutowski , L. Vendramin

This paper examines the connections between (relative) Rota--Baxter groups, skew left braces, and enlargements of these structures on naturally associated semi-direct products. Given a skew left brace, we define a new skew left brace,…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2026-04-01 Pragya Belwal , Mahender Singh

We introduce left and right series of left semi-braces. This allows to define left and right nilpotent left semi-braces. We study the structure of such semi-braces and generalize some results, known for skew left braces, to left…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2025-05-02 Francesco Catino , Ferran Cedó , Paola Stefanelli

We study the class of one-generator solutions to the Yang-Baxter equation, extending some recent results concerning the classes of involutive and multipermutation solutions. Moreover we show the precise relationship between indecomposable…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2025-06-17 Marco Castelli

We study simple set-theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation that are finite and non-degenerate. Such retractable solutions are fully described and to investigate the irretracble solutions we give a new algebraic method. Our approach…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2025-10-03 Ilaria Colazzo , Eric Jespers , Łukasz Kubat , Arne Van Antwerpen

We involve simultaneously the theory of matched pairs of groups and the theory of braces to study set-theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation (YBE). We show the intimate relation between the notions of a symmetric group (a braided…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2017-01-03 Tatiana Gateva-Ivanova

We define the radical and weight of a skew left brace and provide some basic properties of these notions. In particular, we obtain a Wedderburn type decomposition for Artinian skew left braces. Furthermore, we prove analogues of a theorem…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2021-05-14 E. Jespers , Ł. Kubat , A. Van Antwerpen , L. Vendramin

The aim of this short note is to completely answer Questions 2.34 and 2.35 of arXiv:1806.01127. In particular, we show that a finite strong-nil skew brace $B$ of abelian type need not be right-nilpotent, but that this is the case if~$B$ is…

Assume that a finite group $G$ admits a Frobenius group of automorphisms $FH$ with kernel $F$ and complement $H$ such that $C_{G}(F)=1$. In this paper, we investigate this situation and prove that if $C_G(H)$ is supersoluble and $C_{G'}(H)$…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2015-08-05 Xingzheng Tang , Xiaoyu Chen , Wenbin Guo

The main objective of this article is to initiate a detailed structure theory of left nilpotent skew braces $B$ of class $2$, i.e. skew braces with $B^3 = 0$. We prove that if $B$ is of nilpotent type, then $B$ is centrally nilpotent. In…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-05-13 A. Ballester-Bolinches , L. A. Kurdachenko , V. Pérez-Calabuig

Let $r:X^{2}\rightarrow X^{2}$ be a set-theoretic solution of the Yang-Baxter equation on a finite set $X$. It was proven by Gateva-Ivanova and Van den Bergh that if $r$ is non-degenerate and involutive then the algebra $K\langle x \in X…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2018-02-28 Eric Jespers , Arne Van Antwerpen

A dual weak brace is an algebraic structure $\left(S,\,+,\,\circ\right)$ including skew braces and giving rise to a set-theoretic solution of the Yang-Baxter equation. We show that such a map belongs to a family of set-theoretic solutions,…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2024-10-02 Marzia Mazzotta , Bernard Rybołowicz , Paola Stefanelli

A skew brace $A = (A,\cdot,\circ)$ is said to be \textit{left-simple} if $A\neq1$ and it has no left ideal other than $1$ and $A$. The purpose of this paper is to give a partial classification of the finite left-simple skew braces. A result…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2026-05-29 Cindy Tsang

We develop the theory of Schur covers of finite skew braces. We prove the existence of at least one Schur cover. We also compute several examples. We prove that different Schur covers are isoclinic. Finally, we prove that Schur covers have…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2024-02-01 T. Letourmy , L. Vendramin

A skew brace is a ring-like and group-like algebraic structure that was introduced in the study of set-theoretic solutions to the Yang-Baxter equation. In this survey paper, we shall consider the left series, right series, socle series, and…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-27 Cindy Tsang

Given a finite bijective non-degenerate set-theoretic solution $(X,r)$ of the Yang--Baxter equation we characterize when its structure monoid $M(X,r)$ is Malcev nilpotent. Applying this characterization to solutions coming from racks, we…

Rings and Algebras · Mathematics 2022-07-19 F. Cedó , E. Jespers , Ł. Kubat , A. Van Antwerpen , C. Verwimp

The main result of this paper is an explicit construction of the free commutative skew brace -- that is, a skew brace whose circle group is commutative -- on an arbitrary generating set $X$. We embed this object into a set of rational…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-06-25 Thomas Letourmy

The problem of constructing all the non-degenerate involutive set-theoretic solutions of the Yang-Baxter equation recently has been reduced to the problem of describing all the left braces. In particular, the classification of all finite…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2017-05-25 David Bachiller , Ferran Cedó , Eric Jespers , Jan Okniński

In this paper, we study the irreducible representations of skew braces of order \( pq \), which is equivalent to studying the representation theory of groups of order \( p^2q^2 \) arising from skew left braces, where \( p > q \) are primes.…

Group Theory · Mathematics 2025-03-07 Nishant Rathee , Ayush Udeep