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Ensuring the security of large language models (LLMs) is an ongoing challenge despite their widespread popularity. Developers work to enhance LLMs security, but vulnerabilities persist, even in advanced versions like GPT-4. Attackers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Aysan Esmradi , Daniel Wankit Yip , Chun Fai Chan

Large language models (LLMs) have attracted considerable attention as they are capable of showcasing impressive capabilities generating comparable high-quality responses to human inputs. LLMs, can not only compose textual scripts such as…

Computational Engineering, Finance, and Science · Computer Science 2024-05-31 Denish Omondi Otieno , Faranak Abri , Sima Siami-Namini , Akbar Siami Namin

Hate speech has emerged as a major problem plaguing our social spaces today. While there have been significant efforts to address this problem, existing methods are still significantly limited in effectively detecting hate speech online. A…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-01-09 Keyan Guo , Alexander Hu , Jaden Mu , Ziheng Shi , Ziming Zhao , Nishant Vishwamitra , Hongxin Hu

Cyber threat detection has become an important area of focus in today's digital age due to the growing spread of fake information and harmful content on social media platforms such as Twitter (now 'X'). These cyber threats, often disguised…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Saydul Akbar Murad , Ashim Dahal , Nick Rahimi

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate impressive capabilities across various fields, yet their increasing use raises critical security concerns. This article reviews recent literature addressing key issues in LLM security, with a focus…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Benji Peng , Keyu Chen , Ming Li , Pohsun Feng , Ziqian Bi , Junyu Liu , Xinyuan Song , Qian Niu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in software security, but their trustworthiness in generating accurate vulnerability advisories remains uncertain. This study investigates the ability of ChatGPT to (1) generate plausible…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Bayu Fedra Abdullah , Yusuf Sulistyo Nugroho , Brittany Reid , Raula Gaikovina Kula , Kazumasa Shimari , Kenichi Matsumoto

Large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT, Gemini, or LLaMA have been trending recently, demonstrating considerable advancement and generalizability power in countless domains. However, LLMs create an even bigger black box exacerbating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-04 Xiao Peng , Tao Liu , Ying Wang

The spread of fake news has emerged as a critical challenge, undermining trust and posing threats to society. In the era of Large Language Models (LLMs), the capability to generate believable fake content has intensified these concerns. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Jinyan Su , Terry Yue Zhuo , Jonibek Mansurov , Di Wang , Preslav Nakov

Large language models (LLMs) like ChatGPT and Gemini have significantly advanced natural language processing, enabling various applications such as chatbots and automated content generation. However, these models can be exploited by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Yi Liu , Junzhe Yu , Huijia Sun , Ling Shi , Gelei Deng , Yuqi Chen , Yang Liu

In today's visually dominated social media landscape, predicting the perceived credibility of visual content and understanding what drives human judgment are crucial for countering misinformation. However, these tasks are challenging due to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Yilang Peng , Sijia Qian , Yingdan Lu , Cuihua Shen

In our era of widespread false information, human fact-checkers often face the challenge of duplicating efforts when verifying claims that may have already been addressed in other countries or languages. As false information transcends…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Ivan Vykopal , Matúš Pikuliak , Simon Ostermann , Tatiana Anikina , Michal Gregor , Marián Šimko

User ignorance towards the use of communication services like Instant Messengers, emails, websites, social networks etc. is becoming the biggest advantage for phishers. It is required to create technical awareness in users by educating them…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2014-12-10 Mohammad S. Qaseem , A. Govardhan

In this digital era, our lives highly depend on the internet and worldwide technology. Wide usage of technology and platforms of communication makes our lives better and easier. But on the other side it carries out some security issues and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-04-18 Muhammad Shoaib Farooq , Hina jabbar

The proliferation of mobile devices and online interactions have been threatened by different cyberattacks, where phishing attacks and malicious Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) pose significant risks to user security. Traditional phishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Wenye Guo , Qun Wang , Hao Yue , Haijian Sun , Rose Qingyang Hu

Phishing attacks represents one of the primary attack methods which is used by cyber attackers. In many cases, attackers use deceptive emails along with malicious attachments to trick users into giving away sensitive information or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Fatemeh Nejati , Mahdi Rabbani , Morteza Eskandarian , Mansur Mirani , Gunjan Piya , Igor Opushnyev , Ali A. Ghorbani , Sajjad Dadkhah

Recently, we can observe a significant increase of the phishing attacks in the Internet. In a typical phishing attack, the attacker sets up a malicious website that looks similar to the legitimate website in order to obtain the end-users'…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Zijiang Yang

With the rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) in recent years, abundant new opportunities are emerging, but also new challenges, among which contamination is quickly becoming critical. Business applications and fundraising in Artificial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-11 Mathieu Ravaut , Bosheng Ding , Fangkai Jiao , Hailin Chen , Xingxuan Li , Ruochen Zhao , Chengwei Qin , Caiming Xiong , Shafiq Joty

Despite the importance of developing generative AI models that can effectively resist scams, current literature lacks a structured framework for evaluating their vulnerability to such threats. In this work, we address this gap by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Udari Madhushani Sehwag , Kelly Patel , Francesca Mosca , Vineeth Ravi , Jessica Staddon

Since ChatGPT was introduced in November 2022, embedding (nearly) unnoticeable statistical signals into text generated by large language models (LLMs), also known as watermarking, has been used as a principled approach to provable detection…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-08-28 Xiang Li , Feng Ruan , Huiyuan Wang , Qi Long , Weijie J. Su

Named entity recognition is an important task when constructing knowledge bases from unstructured data sources. Whereas entity detection methods mostly rely on extensive training data, Large Language Models (LLMs) have paved the way towards…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Lu Gan , Martin Blum , Danilo Dessi , Brigitte Mathiak , Ralf Schenkel , Stefan Dietze