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System prompt configuration can make the difference between near-total phishing blindness and near-perfect detection in LLM email agents. We present PhishNChips, a study of 11 models under 10 prompt strategies, showing that prompt-model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Ron Litvak

The rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs) has opened up new opportunities for leveraging artificial intelligence in a variety of application domains, including cybersecurity. As the volume and sophistication of cyber threats…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Hanxiang Xu , Shenao Wang , Ningke Li , Kailong Wang , Yanjie Zhao , Kai Chen , Ting Yu , Yang Liu , Haoyu Wang

Browsers often include security features to detect phishing web pages. In the past, some browsers evaluated an unknown URL for inclusion in a list of known phishing pages. However, as the number of URLs and known phishing pages continued to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2021-08-30 Pranav Maneriker , Jack W. Stokes , Edir Garcia Lazo , Diana Carutasu , Farid Tajaddodianfar , Arun Gururajan

Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT and its competitors have caused a revolution in natural language processing, but their capabilities also introduce new security vulnerabilities. This survey provides a comprehensive overview of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Miles Q. Li , Benjamin C. M. Fung

While Large Language Model (LLM) multi-agent systems (MAS) offer a transformative approach to simulating human behavior in complex systems, it remains largely unexplored whether these simulations can replicate realistic structural and…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Siqi Miao , Ziyang Chen , Yuhong Luo , Hans Hao-Hsun Hsu , Mufei Li , Kaiqing Zhang , Pan Li

Phishing websites are everywhere, and countermeasures based on static blocklists cannot cope with such a threat. To address this problem, state-of-the-art solutions entail the application of machine learning (ML) to detect phishing websites…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Ajka Draganovic , Savino Dambra , Javier Aldana Iuit , Kevin Roundy , Giovanni Apruzzese

The parallel evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) with advanced code-understanding capabilities and the increasing sophistication of malware presents a new frontier for cybersecurity research. This paper evaluates the efficacy of…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Aniesh Chawla , Udbhav Prasad

Spear phishing is a widespread concern in the modern network security landscape, but there are few metrics that measure the extent to which reconnaissance is performed on phishing targets. Spear phishing emails closely match the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Michael C. Kotson , Alexia Schulz

The burgeoning progress in the field of Large Language Models (LLMs) heralds significant benefits due to their unparalleled capacities. However, it is critical to acknowledge the potential misuse of these models, which could give rise to a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-07 Haolan Zhan , Xuanli He , Qiongkai Xu , Yuxiang Wu , Pontus Stenetorp

Over the years, online scams have grown dramatically, with nearly 50% of global consumers encountering scam attempts each week. These scams cause not only significant financial losses to individuals and businesses, but also lasting…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Shang Ma , Tianyi Ma , Jiahao Liu , Wei Song , Zhenkai Liang , Xusheng Xiao , Yanfang Ye

Phishing attacks remain a persistent threat to online security, demanding robust detection methods. This study investigates the use of machine learning to identify phishing URLs, emphasizing the crucial role of feature selection and model…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Abdullah Fajar , Setiadi Yazid , Indra Budi

In this paper, we explore the feasibility of leveraging large language models (LLMs) to automate or otherwise assist human raters with identifying harmful content including hate speech, harassment, violent extremism, and election…

Phishing attacks are a major threat to online security, exploiting user vulnerabilities to steal sensitive information. Various methods have been developed to counteract phishing, each with varying levels of accuracy, but they also face…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-01-24 Tri Cao , Chengyu Huang , Yuexin Li , Huilin Wang , Amy He , Nay Oo , Bryan Hooi

The Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) is a decentralized computing engine. It enables the Ethereum blockchain to execute smart contracts and decentralized applications (dApps). The increasing adoption of Ethereum sparked the rise of phishing…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Pasquale De Rosa , Simon Queyrut , Yérom-David Bromberg , Pascal Felber , Valerio Schiavoni

Large Language Models have become critical to modern software development, but their reliance on uncurated web-scale datasets for training introduces a significant security risk: the absorption and reproduction of malicious content. This…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zhiyang Chen , Tara Saba , Xun Deng , Xujie Si , Fan Long

Spear Phishing is a harmful cyber-attack facing business and individuals worldwide. Considerable research has been conducted recently into the use of Machine Learning (ML) techniques to detect spear-phishing emails. ML-based solutions may…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-01-04 Keelan Evans , Alsharif Abuadbba , Tingmin Wu , Kristen Moore , Mohiuddin Ahmed , Ganna Pogrebna , Surya Nepal , Mike Johnstone

In an era increasingly influenced by artificial intelligence, the detection of fake news is crucial, especially in contexts like election seasons where misinformation can have significant societal impacts. This study evaluates the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Sahas Koka , Anthony Vuong , Anish Kataria

With the release of OpenAI's ChatGPT, the field of large language models (LLM) saw an increase of academic interest in GPT based chat assistants. In the next few months multiple accesible large language models were released that included…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Shariq Murtuza

Recent research on large language models (LLMs) has demonstrated their ability to understand and employ deceptive behavior, even without explicit prompting. However, such behavior has only been observed in rare, specialized cases and has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Laurène Vaugrante , Francesca Carlon , Maluna Menke , Thilo Hagendorff

Phishing is one of the most effective ways in which cybercriminals get sensitive details such as credentials for online banking, digital wallets, state secrets, and many more from potential victims. They do this by spamming users with…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Tosin Ige , Christopher Kiekintveld , Aritran Piplai , Amy Waggler , Olukunle Kolade , Bolanle Hafiz Matti
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