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With the rapid advancement and extensive application of artificial intelligence technology, large language models (LLMs) are extensively used to enhance production, creativity, learning, and work efficiency across various domains. However,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Yuqing Liang , Jiancheng Xiao , Wensheng Gan , Philip S. Yu

Since the remarkable generation performance of large language models raised ethical and legal concerns, approaches to detect machine-generated text by embedding watermarks are being developed. However, we discover that the existing works…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-04 Taehyun Lee , Seokhee Hong , Jaewoo Ahn , Ilgee Hong , Hwaran Lee , Sangdoo Yun , Jamin Shin , Gunhee Kim

In the audio modality, state-of-the-art watermarking methods leverage deep neural networks to allow the embedding of human-imperceptible signatures in generated audio. The ideal is to embed signatures that can be detected with high accuracy…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Patrick O'Reilly , Zeyu Jin , Jiaqi Su , Bryan Pardo

Deep neural networks have recently achieved significant progress. Sharing trained models of these deep neural networks is very important in the rapid progress of researching or developing deep neural network systems. At the same time, it is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2018-02-07 Yusuke Uchida , Yuki Nagai , Shigeyuki Sakazawa , Shin'ichi Satoh

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have achieved significant success in real-world applications. However, safeguarding their intellectual property (IP) remains extremely challenging. Existing DNN watermarking for IP protection often require…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Yuzhang Chen , Jiangnan Zhu , Yujie Gu , Minoru Kuribayashi , Kouichi Sakurai

Diffusion models generate high-quality images but pose serious risks like copyright violation and disinformation. Watermarking is a key defense for tracing and authenticating AI-generated content. However, existing methods rely on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Yi Zhang , Hongbo Huang , Liang-Jie Zhang

In light of recent advancements in generative AI models, it has become essential to distinguish genuine content from AI-generated one to prevent the malicious usage of fake materials as authentic ones and vice versa. Various techniques have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-15 Mehrdad Saberi , Vinu Sankar Sadasivan , Keivan Rezaei , Aounon Kumar , Atoosa Chegini , Wenxiao Wang , Soheil Feizi

Abuse of large language models reveals high risks as large language models are being deployed at an astonishing speed. It is important to protect the model weights to avoid malicious usage that violates licenses of open-source large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-18 Linyang Li , Botian Jiang , Pengyu Wang , Ke Ren , Hang Yan , Xipeng Qiu

The rapid progress of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) has enabled the effortless synthesis of high-quality visual content, while simultaneously raising pressing concerns about intellectual property protection, authenticity, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Jie Cao , Qi Li , Zelin Zhang , Jianbing Ni , Rongxing Lu

Large language models (LLMs) excellently generate human-like text, but also raise concerns about misuse in fake news and academic dishonesty. Decoding-based watermark, particularly the GumbelMax-trick-based watermark(GM watermark), is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Jiayi Fu , Xuandong Zhao , Ruihan Yang , Yuansen Zhang , Jiangjie Chen , Yanghua Xiao

Deep learning has been achieving top performance in many tasks. Since training of a deep learning model requires a great deal of cost, we need to treat neural network models as valuable intellectual properties. One concern in such a…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2019-01-21 Ryota Namba , Jun Sakuma

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities in generating diverse and contextually rich text. However, concerns regarding copyright infringement arise as LLMs may inadvertently produce copyrighted material. In…

As LLMs become commonplace, machine-generated text has the potential to flood the internet with spam, social media bots, and valueless content. Watermarking is a simple and effective strategy for mitigating such harms by enabling the…

Latent Diffusion Models (LDMs) enable a wide range of applications but raise ethical concerns regarding illegal utilization. Adding watermarks to generative model outputs is a vital technique employed for copyright tracking and mitigating…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Liangqi Lei , Keke Gai , Jing Yu , Liehuang Zhu

In this paper, we study the problem of watermarking large language models (LLMs). We consider the trade-off between model distortion and detection ability and formulate it as a constrained optimization problem based on the red-green list…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Zhongze Cai , Shang Liu , Hanzhao Wang , Huaiyang Zhong , Xiaocheng Li

The rapid spread of text generated by large language models (LLMs) makes it increasingly difficult to distinguish authentic human writing from machine output. Watermarking offers a promising solution: model owners can embed an imperceptible…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Shingo Kodama , Haya Diwan , Lucas Rosenblatt , R. Teal Witter , Niv Cohen

This paper presents a deep learning-based audio-in-image watermarking scheme. Audio-in-image watermarking is the process of covertly embedding and extracting audio watermarks on a cover-image. Using audio watermarks can open up…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2021-10-07 Arjon Das , Xin Zhong

Artificial Intelligence Generated Content (AIGC), particularly video generation with diffusion models, has been advanced rapidly. Invisible watermarking is a key technology for protecting AI-generated videos and tracing harmful content, and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Xinjie Zhu , Zijing Zhao , Hui Jin , Qingxiao Guo , Yilong Ma , Yunhao Wang , Xiaobing Guo , Weifeng Zhang

Motivated by the problem of detecting AI-generated text, we consider the problem of watermarking the output of language models with provable guarantees. We aim for watermarks which satisfy: (a) undetectability, a cryptographic notion…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Noah Golowich , Ankur Moitra

The advancement of artificial intelligence generated content (AIGC) has created a pressing need for robust image watermarking that can withstand both conventional signal processing and novel semantic editing attacks. Current deep…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yichao Tang , Mingyang Li , Di Miao , Sheng Li , Zhenxing Qian , Xinpeng Zhang