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The performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) is highly sensitive to the prompts they are given. Drawing inspiration from the field of prompt optimization, this study investigates the potential for enhancing Automated Essay Scoring (AES)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Keno Harada , Lui Yoshida , Takeshi Kojima , Yusuke Iwasawa , Yutaka Matsuo

In this paper we present a simple re-ranking method for Automatic Sentence Simplification based on the noisy channel scheme. Instead of directly computing the best simplification given a complex text, the re-ranking method also considers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-08 Oscar M Cumbicus-Pineda , Iker Gutiérrez-Fandiño , Itziar Gonzalez-Dios , Aitor Soroa

Cross-topic automated essay scoring (AES) aims to develop a transferable model capable of effectively evaluating essays on a target topic. A significant challenge in this domain arises from the inherent discrepancies between topics. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Chunyun Zhang , Hongyan Zhao , Chaoran Cui , Qilong Song , Zhiqing Lu , Shuai Gong , Kailin Liu

In the era of MOOCs, online exams are taken by millions of candidates, where scoring short answers is an integral part. It becomes intractable to evaluate them by human graders. Thus, a generic automated system capable of grading these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-22 Yaman Kumar , Swati Aggarwal , Debanjan Mahata , Rajiv Ratn Shah , Ponnurangam Kumaraguru , Roger Zimmermann

Contrastively trained text-image models have the remarkable ability to perform zero-shot classification, that is, classifying previously unseen images into categories that the model has never been explicitly trained to identify. However,…

Contrastive-learning-based methods have dominated sentence representation learning. These methods regularize the representation space by pulling similar sentence representations closer and pushing away the dissimilar ones and have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Xinghao Wang , Junliang He , Pengyu Wang , Yunhua Zhou , Tianxiang Sun , Xipeng Qiu

Automated essay scoring plays an important role in judging students' language abilities in education. Traditional approaches use handcrafted features to score and are time-consuming and complicated. Recently, neural network approaches have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-08 You-Jin Jong , Yong-Jin Kim , Ok-Chol Ri

Automated Essay Score (AES) is proven to be one of the cutting-edge technologies. Scoring techniques are used for various purposes. Reliable scores are calculated based on influential variables. Such variables can be computed by different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Bagiya Lakshmi S , Sanjjushri Varshini R , Rohith Mahadevan , Raja CSP Raman

Automated essay scoring (AES) is gaining increasing attention in the education sector as it significantly reduces the burden of manual scoring and allows ad hoc feedback for learners. Natural language processing based on machine learning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Sabrina Ludwig , Christian Mayer , Christopher Hansen , Kerstin Eilers , Steffen Brandt

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) has emerged to prominence in response to the growing demand for educational automation. Providing an objective and cost-effective solution, AES standardises the assessment of extended responses. Although…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-15 Abhirup Chakravarty

In order to simplify a sentence, human editors perform multiple rewriting transformations: they split it into several shorter sentences, paraphrase words (i.e. replacing complex words or phrases by simpler synonyms), reorder components,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-04 Fernando Alva-Manchego , Louis Martin , Antoine Bordes , Carolina Scarton , Benoît Sagot , Lucia Specia

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) plays a crucial role in education by providing scalable and efficient assessment tools. However, in real-world settings, the extreme scarcity of labeled data severely limits the development and practical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Hongseok Choi , Serynn Kim , Wencke Liermann , Jin Seong , Jin-Xia Huang

We demonstrate that current state-of-the-art approaches to Automated Essay Scoring (AES) are not well-suited to capturing adversarially crafted input of grammatical but incoherent sequences of sentences. We develop a neural model of local…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-01 Youmna Farag , Helen Yannakoudakis , Ted Briscoe

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have enabled zero-shot automated essay scoring (AES), providing a promising way to reduce the cost and effort of essay scoring in comparison with manual grading. However, most existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Takumi Shibata , Yuichi Miyamura

We introduce Delta Denoising Score (DDS), a novel scoring function for text-based image editing that guides minimal modifications of an input image towards the content described in a target prompt. DDS leverages the rich generative prior of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Amir Hertz , Kfir Aberman , Daniel Cohen-Or

Automated essay scoring (AES) is a useful tool in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) writing education, offering real-time essay scores for students and instructors. However, previous AES models were trained on essays and scores irrelevant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Haneul Yoo , Jieun Han , So-Yeon Ahn , Alice Oh

Automated Short Answer Scoring (SAS) is the task of automatically scoring a given input to a prompt based on rubrics and reference answers. Although SAS is useful in real-world applications, both rubrics and reference answers differ between…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Hiroaki Funayama , Yuya Asazuma , Yuichiroh Matsubayashi , Tomoya Mizumoto , Kentaro Inui

Essay writing is a critical component of student assessment, yet manual scoring is labor-intensive and inconsistent. Automated Essay Scoring (AES) offers a promising alternative, but current approaches face limitations. Recent studies have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Hind Aljuaid , Areej Alhothali , Ohoud Al-Zamzami , Hussein Assalahi

Automatic essay grading (AEG) is a process in which machines assign a grade to an essay written in response to a topic, called the prompt. Zero-shot AEG is when we train a system to grade essays written to a new prompt which was not present…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-23 Sandeep Mathias , Rudra Murthy , Diptesh Kanojia , Pushpak Bhattacharyya

In this study, we developed an automated short answer grading (ASAG) model that provided both analytic scores and final holistic scores. Short answer items typically consist of multiple sub-questions, and providing an analytic score and the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Su-Youn Yoon