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Offline handwriting recognition with deep neural networks is usually limited to words or lines due to large computational costs. In this paper, a less computationally expensive full page offline handwritten text recognition framework is…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-05-12 Jonathan Chung , Thomas Delteil

Despite rapid progress in vision-language and large language models (VLMs and LLMs), their effectiveness for AI-driven educational assessment in real-world, underrepresented classrooms remains largely unexplored. We evaluate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Nurul Aisyah , Muhammad Dehan Al Kautsar , Arif Hidayat , Raqib Chowdhury , Fajri Koto

This paper explores capabilities of Vision Language Models on spreadsheet comprehension. We propose three self-supervised challenges with corresponding evaluation metrics to comprehensively evaluate VLMs on Optical Character Recognition…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-27 Shiyu Xia , Junyu Xiong , Haoyu Dong , Jianbo Zhao , Yuzhang Tian , Mengyu Zhou , Yeye He , Shi Han , Dongmei Zhang

Search engines enable the retrieval of unknown information with texts. However, traditional methods fall short when it comes to understanding unfamiliar visual content, such as identifying an object that the model has never seen before.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Zhixin Zhang , Yiyuan Zhang , Xiaohan Ding , Xiangyu Yue

Vision-language models (VLMs) offer a promising paradigm for image classification by comparing the similarity between images and class embeddings. A critical challenge lies in crafting precise textual representations for class names. While…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Songhao Han , Le Zhuo , Yue Liao , Si Liu

Transforming a large language model (LLM) into a Vision-Language Model (VLM) can be achieved by mapping the visual tokens from a vision encoder into the embedding space of an LLM. Intriguingly, this mapping can be as simple as a shallow MLP…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Benno Krojer , Shravan Nayak , Oscar Mañas , Vaibhav Adlakha , Desmond Elliott , Siva Reddy , Marius Mosbach

People see text. Humans read by recognizing words as visual objects, including their shapes, layouts, and patterns, before connecting them to meaning, which enables us to handle typos, distorted fonts, and various scripts effectively.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Ling Xing , Rui Yan , Alex Jinpeng Wang , Zechao Li , Jinhui Tang

Language provides a natural interface to specify and evaluate performance on visual tasks. To realize this possibility, vision language models (VLMs) must successfully integrate visual and linguistic information. Our work compares VLMs to a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Stephanie Fu , Tyler Bonnen , Devin Guillory , Trevor Darrell

Vision-language models (VLMs) integrate visual and textual information, enabling a wide range of applications such as image captioning and visual question answering, making them crucial for modern AI systems. However, their high…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Gaurav Shinde , Anuradha Ravi , Emon Dey , Shadman Sakib , Milind Rampure , Nirmalya Roy

Multimodal Vision Language Models (VLMs) have emerged as a transformative topic at the intersection of computer vision and natural language processing, enabling machines to perceive and reason about the world through both visual and textual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Zongxia Li , Xiyang Wu , Hongyang Du , Fuxiao Liu , Huy Nghiem , Guangyao Shi

Automated grading systems have enabled scalable assessment for many response types, but handwritten mathematics remains a barrier due to the complexity of multi-step solutions. Vision-capable large language models (LLMs) offer new…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Jacob Levine , Miguel Aenlle , Craig Zilles , Matthew West , Mariana Silva

Vision language models (VLMs) are AI systems paired with both language and vision encoders to process multimodal input. They are capable of performing complex semantic tasks such as automatic captioning, but it remains an open question…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-16 Tyler Tran , Sangeet Khemlani , J. G. Trafton

Recent advancements in vision-language models (VLMs) have improved performance by increasing the number of visual tokens, which are often significantly longer than text tokens. However, we observe that most real-world scenarios do not…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Senqiao Yang , Junyi Li , Xin Lai , Bei Yu , Hengshuang Zhao , Jiaya Jia

Reading dense text and locating objects within images are fundamental abilities for Large Vision-Language Models (LVLMs) tasked with advanced jobs. Previous LVLMs, including superior proprietary models like GPT-4o, have struggled to excel…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Ya-Qi Yu , Minghui Liao , Jiwen Zhang , Jihao Wu

Recently, multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have emerged as a key approach in achieving artificial general intelligence. In particular, vision-language MLLMs have been developed to generate not only text but also visual outputs from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Donghwan Chi , Hyomin Kim , Yoonjin Oh , Yongjin Kim , Donghoon Lee , Daejin Jo , Jongmin Kim , Junyeob Baek , Sungjin Ahn , Sungwoong Kim

Recent advancements in Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have opened new possibilities in automatic grading of handwritten student responses, particularly in mathematics. However, a comprehensive study to test the ability of VLMs to evaluate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Oikantik Nath , Hanani Bathina , Mohammed Safi Ur Rahman Khan , Mitesh M. Khapra

Due to the omnipresence of mobile devices, online handwritten scripts have become the most important feeding input to smartphones and tablet devices. To increase online handwriting recognition performance, deeper neural networks have…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-08-05 Hanen Akouaydi , Sourour Njah , Wael Ouarda , Anis Samet , Thameur Dhieb , Mourad Zaied , Adel M. Alimi

Modern Vision-Language Models (VLMs) exhibit remarkable visual and linguistic capabilities, achieving impressive performance in various tasks such as image recognition and object localization. However, their effectiveness in fine-grained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zhecheng Li , Guoxian Song , Yujun Cai , Zhen Xiong , Junsong Yuan , Yiwei Wang

Iconicity, the resemblance between linguistic form and meaning, is pervasive in signed languages, offering a natural testbed for visual grounding. For vision-language models (VLMs), the challenge is to recover such essential mappings from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Onur Keleş , Aslı Özyürek , Gerardo Ortega , Kadir Gökgöz , Esam Ghaleb

Image search stands as a pivotal task in multimedia and computer vision, finding applications across diverse domains, ranging from internet search to medical diagnostics. Conventional image search systems operate by accepting textual or…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Hongyi Zhu , Jia-Hong Huang , Stevan Rudinac , Evangelos Kanoulas