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Large language models (LLMs) show impressive abilities via few-shot prompting. Commercialized APIs such as OpenAI GPT-3 further increase their use in real-world language applications. However, the crucial problem of how to improve the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-02-16 Chenglei Si , Zhe Gan , Zhengyuan Yang , Shuohang Wang , Jianfeng Wang , Jordan Boyd-Graber , Lijuan Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) and generative AI (GenAI) systems, such as ChatGPT, Claude, Gemini, LLaMA, and Copilot (by OpenAI, Anthropic, Google, Meta, and Microsoft, respectively), are reshaping digital platforms and app ecosystems while…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-29 Kiarash Ahi

ChatGPT has quickly advanced from simple natural language processing to tackling more sophisticated and specialized tasks. Drawing inspiration from the success of mobile app ecosystems, OpenAI allows developers to create applications that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Chuan Yan , Liuhuo Wan , Bowei Guan , Fengqi Yu , Guangdong Bai , Jin Song Dong

Large language models (LLMs) have recently achieved human-level performance on a range of professional and academic benchmarks. The accessibility of these models has lagged behind their performance. State-of-the-art LLMs require costly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Yuvanesh Anand , Zach Nussbaum , Adam Treat , Aaron Miller , Richard Guo , Ben Schmidt , GPT4All Community , Brandon Duderstadt , Andriy Mulyar

Developers often build software on top of third-party libraries (Libs) to improve productivity, but these libraries may contain vulnerabilities that enable supply chain attacks. Existing tools detect vulnerable dependencies, yet developers…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Ying Zhang , Wenjia Song , Zhengjie Ji , Danfeng , Yao , Na Meng

Impersonation tactics, such as app squatting and app cloning, have posed longstanding challenges in mobile app stores, where malicious actors exploit the names and reputations of popular apps to deceive users. With the rapid growth of Large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-13 Yinglin Xie , Xinyi Hou , Yanjie Zhao , Kai Chen , Haoyu Wang

The increasing frequency of attacks on Android applications coupled with the recent popularity of large language models (LLMs) necessitates a comprehensive understanding of the capabilities of the latter in identifying potential…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Vasileios Kouliaridis , Georgios Karopoulos , Georgios Kambourakis

Large language models (LLMs) have developed rapidly in recent years, revolutionizing various fields. Despite their widespread success, LLMs heavily rely on external code dependencies from package management systems, creating a complex and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Shuhan Liu , Xing Hu , Xin Xia , David Lo , Xiaohu Yang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming AI across industries, but their development and deployment remain complex. This survey reviews 16 key challenges in building and using LLMs and examines how these challenges are addressed by two…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-01 Shubham Sharma , Sneha Tuli , Narendra Badam

LLM applications (i.e., LLM apps) leverage the powerful capabilities of LLMs to provide users with customized services, revolutionizing traditional application development. While the increasing prevalence of LLM-powered applications…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Yunyi Zhang , Shibo Cui , Baojun Liu , Jingkai Yu , Min Zhang , Fan Shi , Han Zheng

The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs), such as OpenAI's ChatGPT, could revolutionize various industries, including geotechnical engineering. However, GPT models can sometimes generate plausible-sounding but false outputs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-22 Krishna Kumar

The development of large language models (LLMs) has given rise to four major application paradigms: LLM app stores, LLM agents, self-hosted LLM services, and LLM-powered devices. Each has its advantages but also shares common challenges.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Xinyi Hou , Yanjie Zhao , Haoyu Wang

The field of Artificial Intelligence has witnessed remarkable progress in recent years, especially with the emergence of powerful large language models (LLMs) based on the transformer architecture. Cloud-based LLMs, such as OpenAI's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Samuel Carreira , Tomás Marques , José Ribeiro , Carlos Grilo

As a pivotal extension of the renowned ChatGPT, the GPT Store serves as a dynamic marketplace for various Generative Pre-trained Transformer (GPT) models, shaping the frontier of conversational AI. This paper presents an in-depth…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Dongxun Su , Yanjie Zhao , Xinyi Hou , Shenao Wang , Haoyu Wang

The recent popularity of large language models (LLMs) has brought a significant impact to boundless fields, particularly through their open-ended ecosystem such as the APIs, open-sourced models, and plugins. However, with their widespread…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Wentao Ye , Mingfeng Ou , Tianyi Li , Yipeng chen , Xuetao Ma , Yifan Yanggong , Sai Wu , Jie Fu , Gang Chen , Haobo Wang , Junbo Zhao

The drastic increase of large language models' (LLMs) parameters has led to a new research direction of fine-tuning-free downstream customization by prompts, i.e., task descriptions. While these prompt-based services (e.g. OpenAI's GPTs)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Zi Liang , Haibo Hu , Qingqing Ye , Yaxin Xiao , Haoyang Li

In this study, we evaluated the capability of Large Language Models (LLMs), particularly OpenAI's GPT-4, in detecting software vulnerabilities, comparing their performance against traditional static code analyzers like Snyk and Fortify. Our…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-22 David Noever

The success and wide adoption of generative AI (GenAI), particularly large language models (LLMs), has attracted the attention of cybercriminals seeking to abuse models, steal sensitive data, or disrupt services. Moreover, providing…

With the increase in software vulnerabilities that cause significant economic and social losses, automatic vulnerability detection has become essential in software development and maintenance. Recently, large language models (LLMs) like GPT…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-04-15 Chenyuan Zhang , Hao Liu , Jiutian Zeng , Kejing Yang , Yuhong Li , Hui Li

The widespread adoption of conversational LLMs for software development has raised new security concerns regarding the safety of LLM-generated content. Our motivational study outlines ChatGPT's potential in volunteering context-specific…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Amirali Sajadi , Binh Le , Anh Nguyen , Kostadin Damevski , Preetha Chatterjee