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One of the most important properties of classical neural networks is how surprisingly trainable they are, though their training algorithms typically rely on optimizing complicated, nonconvex loss functions. Previous results have shown that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-12-16 Eric R. Anschuetz , Bobak T. Kiani

Vanishing gradients can pose substantial obstacles for high-dimensional optimization problems. Here we consider energy minimization problems for quantum many-body systems with extensive Hamiltonians and finite-range interactions, which can…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-26 Thomas Barthel , Qiang Miao

Barren plateaus, which means the training gradients become extremely small, pose a major challenge in optimizing parameterized quantum circuits, often making the learning process impractically slow or stall. This work shows why using neural…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-03 Zhehao Yi , Rahul Bhadani

Variational quantum circuits have recently gained much interest due to their relevance in real-world applications, such as combinatorial optimizations, quantum simulations, and modeling a probability distribution. Despite their huge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-11 Chae-Yeun Park , Minhyeok Kang , Joonsuk Huh

Barren plateaus appear to be a major obstacle to using variational quantum algorithms to simulate large-scale quantum systems or replace traditional machine learning algorithms. They can be caused by multiple factors such as expressivity,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-08-10 Cenk Tüysüz , Giuseppe Clemente , Arianna Crippa , Tobias Hartung , Stefan Kühn , Karl Jansen

The Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz (QAOA) is a prominent variational quantum algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems. Its effectiveness depends on identifying input parameters that yield high-quality solutions.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-10 Joel Rajakumar , John Golden , Andreas Bärtschi , Stephan Eidenbenz

Combining classical optimization with parameterized quantum circuit evaluation, variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are among the most promising algorithms in near-term quantum computing. Similar to neural networks (NNs), VQAs iteratively…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Zhehao Yi , Yanying Liang , Haozhen Situ

Parameterized quantum circuits used as variational ans\"atze are emerging as promising tools to tackle complex problems ranging from quantum chemistry to combinatorial optimization. These variational quantum circuits can suffer from the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-14 Valentin Heyraud , Zejian Li , Kaelan Donatella , Alexandre Le Boité , Cristiano Ciuti

Instantaneous quantum polynomial quantum circuit Born machines (IQP-QCBMs) have been proposed as quantum generative models with a classically tractable training objective based on the maximum mean discrepancy (MMD) and a potential quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-16 Kevin Shen , Susanne Pielawa , Vedran Dunjko , Hao Wang

While Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (QCNNs) offer a theoretical paradigm for quantum machine learning, their practical implementation is severely bottlenecked by barren plateaus -- the exponential vanishing of gradients -- and poor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Radhakrishnan Delhibabu

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are among the most promising algorithms in the era of Noisy Intermediate Scale Quantum Devices. Such algorithms are constructed using a parameterization U($\pmb{\theta}$) with a classical optimizer that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-10-21 Lucas Friedrich , Jonas Maziero

Variational quantum algorithms (VQAs) are expected to establish valuable applications on near-term quantum computers. However, recent works have pointed out that the performance of VQAs greatly relies on the expressibility of the ansatzes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-08-15 Xia Liu , Geng Liu , Jiaxin Huang , Hao-Kai Zhang , Xin Wang

Barren plateaus (BP), characterized by exponentially vanishing gradients that hinder the training of variational quantum circuits (VQC), present a pervasive and critical challenge in applying variational quantum algorithms to real-world…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-24 Yipei Liu , Yuhong Song , Jinyang Li , Qiang Guan , Cheng-chang Lu , Youzuo Lin , Weiwen Jiang

Quantum architecture search (QAS) involves optimizing both the quantum parametric circuit configuration but also its parameters for a variational quantum algorithm. Thus, the problem is known to be multi-level as the performance of a given…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-30 Vicente P. Soloviev , Vedran Dunjko , Concha Bielza , Pedro Larrañaga , Hao Wang

Variational quantum computing offers a powerful framework with applications across diverse fields such as quantum chemistry, machine learning, and optimization. However, its scalability is hindered by the exponential concentration of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-05 Giulio Crognaletti , Michele Grossi , Angelo Bassi

In the era of noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) computing, Quantum Neural Networks (QNNs) have emerged as a promising approach for various applications, yet their training is often hindered by barren plateaus (BPs), where gradient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-14 Jun Zhuang , Chaowen Guan

Variational Quantum Algorithms (VQAs) have received considerable attention due to their potential for achieving near-term quantum advantage. However, more work is needed to understand their scalability. One known scaling result for VQAs is…

Quantum generative models exploit quantum superposition and entanglement to enhance learning efficiency for both classical and quantum data. Recently, inspired by classical diffusion frameworks, the quantum denoising diffusion probabilistic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Haipeng Cao , Kaining Zhang , Dacheng Tao , Zhaofeng Su

In the paper, a gradient-free optimization algorithm for single-qubit quantum classifier is proposed to overcome the effects of barren plateau caused by quantum devices. A rotation gate RX({\phi}) is applied on a single-qubit binary quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-11 Anqi Zhang , Xiaoyun He , Shengmei Zhao

Barren plateau landscapes correspond to gradients that vanish exponentially in the number of qubits. Such landscapes have been demonstrated for variational quantum algorithms and quantum neural networks with either deep circuits or global…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-10-06 Andrew Arrasmith , M. Cerezo , Piotr Czarnik , Lukasz Cincio , Patrick J. Coles