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The beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is a recent architecture in which scattering elements are interconnected to enhance the degrees of freedom for wave control, yielding performance gains over traditional…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-17 Gilderlan Tavares de Araújo , André L. F. de Almeida , Buno Sokal , Gabor Fodor

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces enhance wireless systems by reshaping propagation environments. However, dynamic metasurfaces (MSs) with numerous phase-shift elements incur undesired control and hardware costs. In contrast, static MSs…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-12-30 Ziyuan Zheng , Qingqing Wu , Wen Chen , Xiangming Wu , Weiren Zhu

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) have drawn considerable attention recently due to their controllable scattering elements that are able to direct electromagnetic waves into desirable directions. Although RISs share some…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Mohanad Obeed , Anas Chaaban

Beyond Diagonal Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (BD-RIS) represent a groundbreaking innovation in sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks, enabling unprecedented control over wireless propagation environments compared to conventional…

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) and dual-polarized SIM (DPSIM) enabled wave-domain signal processing have emerged as promising research directions for offloading baseband digital processing tasks and efficiently simplifying…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-07 Yida Zhang , Qiuyan Liu , Hongtao Luo , Yuqi Xia , Qiang Wang , Fuchang Li , Xiaofeng Tao , Yuanwei Liu

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) or Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS) are metasurfaces that can be deployed in various places in wireless environments to make these environments controllable and reconfigurable. In this paper,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-01-22 S. Mohammad Razavizadeh , Tommy Svensson

This work initiates the study of a beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS)-aided transmitter architecture for integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) in the millimeter-wave (mmWave) frequency band. Deploying BD-RIS…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Kexin Chen , Yijie Mao

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are two dimensional (2D) metasurfaces which can intelligently manipulate electromagnetic waves by low-cost near passive reflecting elements. RIS is viewed as a potential key technology for the…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-06-07 Jie Huang , Cheng-Xiang Wang , Yingzhuo Sun , Rui Feng , Jialing Huang , Bolun Guo , Zhimeng Zhong , Tie Jun Cui

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) are conventionally implemented as two-dimensional (2D) electromagnetic (EM) structures to steer incident waves toward desired reflection angles. This approach limits the reflection to a single…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-16 Ruiqi Wang , Yiming Yang , Atif Shamim

Reconfigurable surface (RS) has been shown to be an effective solution for improving wireless communication links in general multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) setting. Current research efforts have been largely directed…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Juan Vidal Alegria , Joao Vieira , Fredrik Rusek

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) enable programmable control of the wireless propagation environment and are key enablers for future networks. Beyond-diagonal RIS (BD-RIS) architectures enhance conventional RIS by interconnecting…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Matteo Nerini , Zheyu Wu , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

The recent combination of the rising architectures, known as stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) and holographic multiple-input multiple-output (HMIMO), drives toward breakthroughs for next-generation wireless communication systems. Given…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Anastasios Papazafeiropoulos , Pandelis Kourtessis , Dimitra I. Kaklamani , Iakovos S. Venieris

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is an emerging technique employing metasurface to reflect the signal from the source node to the destination node. By smartly reconfiguring the electromagnetic (EM) properties of the metasurface and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-06-30 Qi Gu , Dan Wu , Xin Su , Hanning Wang , Jingyuan Cui , Yifei Yuan

Cell-Free Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) are two promising technologies for application to beyond-5G networks. This paper considers Cell-Free Massive MIMO systems with the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2021-12-20 Trinh Van Chien , Hien Quoc Ngo , Symeon Chatzinotas , Marco Di Renzo , Björn Ottersten

Users' desire for enhanced performance drive the inevitable technological progress on vertical applications in wireless communication systems. To meet these demands, researchers vigorously investigate potential 6G and beyond technologies…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-15 Emre Arslan , Ali Tugberk Dogukan , Fatih Kilinc , Ertugrul Basar

This letter considers a beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) aided integrated sensing and communication (ISAC) system, where the BD-RIS can help a multi-antenna base station (BS) serve multiple user equipments (UEs)…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-18 Xiaoqi Zhang , Liang Liu , Shuowen Zhang , Weifeng Zhu , Haijun Zhang

In this paper, we investigate high-altitude platform station (HAPS) wireless networks for simultaneous non-orthogonal unicast and multicast transmissions. Specifically, stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM)-based wave-domain beamforming is…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-07 Ngoc Phuc Le , Mohamed-Slim Alouini

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) have attracted increasing interest due to their ability to improve the coverage, reliability, and energy efficiency of millimeter wave (mmWave) communication systems. However, designing the RIS…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-11-15 Shuaifeng Jiang , Ahmed Hindy , Ahmed Alkhateeb

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) is a new advance in RIS techniques that introduces reconfigurable inter-element connections to generate scattering matrices not limited to being diagonal. BD-RIS has been recently…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-08 Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) represent a transformative technology for sixth-generation (6G) wireless communications, but it suffers from a significant limitation, namely the double-fading attenuation. Active RIS has emerged as…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Yang Cao , Wenchi Cheng , Jingqing Wang , Wei Zhang