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Safety alignment for large language models (LLMs) aims to reduce harmful or unsafe behavior while preserving general utility. However, recent findings reveal that alignment effects can be fragile: lightweight post-alignment manipulations,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Zhihao Liu , Yifan Wu , Jian Lou , Di Wang , Yuxi Zhou , Yuke Hu

We study the problem of training neural networks with quantized parameters. Learning low-precision quantized parameters by enabling computation of gradients via the Straight-Through Estimator (STE) can be challenging. While the STE enables…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Ningfeng Yang , Tor M. Aamodt

Zeroth-order (ZO) optimization with ordinal feedback has emerged as a fundamental problem in modern machine learning systems, particularly in human-in-the-loop settings such as reinforcement learning from human feedback, preference…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-12-23 Haishan Ye

Fine-tuning large language models (LLMs) is often limited by the memory available on commodity GPUs. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) methods such as QLoRA reduce the number of trainable parameters, yet still incur high memory usage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Estelle Zheng , Nathan Cerisara , Sébastien Warichet , Emmanuel Helbert , Christophe Cerisara

Owing to the huge success of generative artificial intelligence (AI), large language models (LLMs) have emerged as a core subclass, underpinning applications such as question answering, text generation, and code completion. While…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Yong-Cheng Liaw , Shuo-Han Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) are known for their expensive and time-consuming training. Thus, oftentimes, LLMs are fine-tuned to address a specific task, given the pretrained weights of a pre-trained LLM considered a foundation model. In…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Eshed Gal , Moshe Eliasof , Javier Turek , Uri Ascher , Eran Treister , Eldad Haber

To solve unmodeled optimization problems with hard constraints, this paper proposes a novel zeroth-order approach called Safe Zeroth-order Optimization using Linear Programs (SZO-LP). The SZO-LP method solves a linear program in each…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2023-04-05 Baiwei Guo , Yang Wang , Yuning Jiang , Maryam Kamgarpour , Giancarlo Ferrari-Trecate

Since the release of GPT2-1.5B in 2019, the large language models (LLMs) have evolved from specialized deep models to versatile foundation models. While demonstrating remarkable zero-shot ability, the LLMs still require fine-tuning on local…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Yanjie Dong , Haijun Zhang , Chengming Li , Song Guo , Victor C. M. Leung , Xiping Hu

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable capabilities across a wide range of tasks. Typically, LLMs are first pre-trained on large corpora and subsequently fine-tuned on task-specific datasets. However, during fine-tuning,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Yupeng Chen , Senmiao Wang , Yushun Zhang , Zhihang Lin , Haozhe Zhang , Weijian Sun , Tian Ding , Ruoyu Sun

Combinatorial optimization (CO) problems, central to decision-making scenarios like logistics and manufacturing, are traditionally solved using problem-specific algorithms requiring significant domain expertise. While large language models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Xia Jiang , Yaoxin Wu , Minshuo Li , Zhiguang Cao , Yingqian Zhang

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in natural language processing (NLP). LLMs require an extreme amount of parameters to attain high performance. As models grow into the trillion-parameter range,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Zhyar Rzgar K Rostam , Sándor Szénási , Gábor Kertész

The training efficiency and scalability of language models on massive clusters currently remain a critical bottleneck. Mainstream approaches like ND parallelism are often cumbersome and complex, while flexible alternatives such as the Zero…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Huawei Bai , Yifan Huang , Wenqi Shi , Ansheng You , Feifan Shao , Tengfei Han , Minghui Yu

We study robust parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) techniques designed to improve accuracy and generalization while operating within strict computational and memory hardware constraints, specifically focusing on large-language models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Yehonathan Refael , Iftach Arbel , Ofir Lindenbaum , Tom Tirer

Zeroth-order (ZO) optimization, learning from finite differences of function evaluations without backpropagation, has recently regained attention in deep learning due to its memory efficiency and applicability to gray- or black-box…

Zeroth-order (ZO) optimization is popular in real-world applications that accessing the gradient information is expensive or unavailable. Recently, adaptive ZO methods that normalize gradient estimators by the empirical standard deviation…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-03 Haishan Ye , Luo Luo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance across various tasks, but the escalating demands on computational resources pose significant challenges, particularly in the extensive utilization of full fine-tuning for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-07 Jia-Hong Huang , Yixian Shen , Hongyi Zhu , Stevan Rudinac , Evangelos Kanoulas

Zeroth-order optimization is the process of minimizing an objective $f(x)$, given oracle access to evaluations at adaptively chosen inputs $x$. In this paper, we present two simple yet powerful GradientLess Descent (GLD) algorithms that do…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-05-20 Daniel Golovin , John Karro , Greg Kochanski , Chansoo Lee , Xingyou Song , Qiuyi Zhang

Training large language models requires optimization algorithms that are not only statistically effective, but also computationally and memory efficient at extreme scale. Although Adam remains the dominant optimizer for large-scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Aditya Ranganath

The increasing computational and memory demands in deep learning present significant challenges, especially in resource-constrained environments. We introduce a zero-order quantized optimization (ZOQO) method designed for training models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-14 Noga Bar , Raja Giryes

Zeroth-order (ZO) optimization enables memory-efficient training of neural networks by estimating gradients via forward passes only, eliminating the need for backpropagation. However, the stochastic nature of gradient estimation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Chen Zhang , Yuxin Cheng , Chenchen Ding , Shuqi Wang , Jingreng Lei , Runsheng Yu , Yik-Chung WU , Ngai Wong
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