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This paper studies Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets), which learn to sample objects proportionally to a given reward function through the trajectory of state transitions. In this work, we observe that GFlowNets tend to under-exploit the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-30 Hyosoon Jang , Yunhui Jang , Minsu Kim , Jinkyoo Park , Sungsoo Ahn

In dynamic programming (DP) and reinforcement learning (RL), an agent learns to act optimally in terms of expected long-term return by sequentially interacting with its environment modeled by a Markov decision process (MDP). More generally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-01-03 Mastane Achab , Gergely Neu

Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets or GFNs) are probabilistic models predicated on Markov flows, and they employ specific amortization algorithms to learn stochastic policies that generate compositional substances including biomolecules,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Shuai Guo , Jielei Chu , Lin Ma , Zhaoyu Li , Tianrui Li

Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets) enable structured generation with inherent diversity, but existing sampling strategies often rely on weak guided exploration, slowing early discovery of high-reward candidates. In tasks such as molecular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Rui Zhu , Yudong Zhang , Xuan Yu , Chen Zhang , Xu Wang , Yang Wang

Achieving both accuracy and diverse reasoning remains challenging for Large Language Models (LLMs) in complex domains like mathematics. A key bottleneck is evaluating intermediate reasoning steps to guide generation without costly human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Adam Younsi , Ahmed Attia , Abdalgader Abubaker , Mohamed El Amine Seddik , Hakim Hacid , Salem Lahlou

Experimentally, it has been observed that humans and animals often make decisions that do not maximize their expected utility, but rather choose outcomes randomly, with probability proportional to expected utility. Probability matching, as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-07 Benjamin Eysenbach , Sergey Levine

Generative flow networks (GFlowNets), as an emerging technique, can be used as an alternative to reinforcement learning for exploratory control tasks. GFlowNet aims to generate distribution proportional to the rewards over terminating…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Yinchuan Li , Shuang Luo , Haozhi Wang , Jianye Hao

We propose FlowRL: matching the full reward distribution via flow balancing instead of maximizing rewards in large language model (LLM) reinforcement learning (RL). Recent advanced reasoning models adopt reward-maximizing methods (\eg, PPO…

While Markov chain Monte Carlo methods (MCMC) provide a general framework to sample from a probability distribution defined up to normalization, they often suffer from slow convergence to the target distribution when the latter is highly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-07-06 Tristan Deleu , Yoshua Bengio

Distributional reinforcement learning (DRL) is a recent reinforcement learning framework whose success has been supported by various empirical studies. It relies on the key idea of replacing the expected return with the return distribution,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-09 Rahul Singh , Keuntaek Lee , Yongxin Chen

Maximum entropy reinforcement learning (MaxEnt-RL) has become the standard approach to RL due to its beneficial exploration properties. Traditionally, policies are parameterized using Gaussian distributions, which significantly limits their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Onur Celik , Zechu Li , Denis Blessing , Ge Li , Daniel Palenicek , Jan Peters , Georgia Chalvatzaki , Gerhard Neumann

Generative Flow Networks (GFlowNets) have been shown effective to generate combinatorial objects with desired properties. We here propose a new GFlowNet training framework, with policy-dependent rewards, that bridges keeping flow balance of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-04 Puhua Niu , Shili Wu , Mingzhou Fan , Xiaoning Qian

We propose a simple, scalable algorithm for using stochastic interpolants to sample from unnormalized densities and for fine-tuning generative models. The approach, Tilt Matching, arises from a dynamical equation relating the flow matching…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-12-29 Peter Potaptchik , Cheuk-Kit Lee , Michael S. Albergo

Distributional reinforcement learning (DRL) enhances the understanding of the effects of the randomness in the environment by letting agents learn the distribution of a random return, rather than its expected value as in standard…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2024-03-26 Zifan Wang , Yulong Gao , Siyi Wang , Michael M. Zavlanos , Alessandro Abate , Karl H. Johansson

The incorporation of online reinforcement learning (RL) into diffusion and flow-based generative models has recently gained attention as a powerful paradigm for aligning model behavior with human preferences. By leveraging stochastic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Yujie Zhou , Pengyang Ling , Jiazi Bu , Yibin Wang , Yuhang Zang , Jiaqi Wang , Li Niu , Guangtao Zhai

To date, distributional reinforcement learning (distributional RL) methods have exclusively focused on the discounted setting, where an agent aims to optimize a discounted sum of rewards over time. In this work, we extend distributional RL…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Juan Sebastian Rojas , Chi-Guhn Lee

This paper studies the problem of steering the distribution of a discrete-time dynamical system from an initial distribution to a target distribution in finite time. The formulation is fully nonlinear, allowing the use of general control…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-05 George Rapakoulias , Panagiotis Tsiotras

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become an effective way to improve prompt alignment and perceptual quality in diffusion and flow-matching generators. A critical step for applying online RL to flow matching is turning the deterministic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Jade Zou , Tao Huang , Weijie Kong , Junzhe Li , Yue Wu , Qi Tian , Jiangfeng Xiong , Jianwei Zhang , Liefeng Bo , Zhao Zhong

Goal-Conditioned Reinforcement Learning (RL) problems often have access to sparse rewards where the agent receives a reward signal only when it has achieved the goal, making policy optimization a difficult problem. Several works augment…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Siddhant Agarwal , Ishan Durugkar , Peter Stone , Amy Zhang

Due to limited resources and fast economic growth, designing optimal transportation road networks with traffic simulation and validation in a cost-effective manner is vital for developing countries, where extensive manual testing is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Zarif Ikram , Ling Pan , Dianbo Liu