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Related papers: Measuring Sharpness in Grokking

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Network alignment (NA) is the task of finding the correspondence of nodes between two networks based on the network structure and node attributes. Our study is motivated by the fact that, since most of existing NA methods have attempted to…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Jin-Duk Park , Cong Tran , Won-Yong Shin , Xin Cao

We continue a long line of research aimed at proving convergence of depth 2 neural networks, trained via gradient descent, to a global minimum. Like in many previous works, our model has the following features: regression with quadratic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-06 Alexander Razborov

Regularization plays an important role in generalization of deep neural networks, which are often prone to overfitting with their numerous parameters. L1 and L2 regularizers are common regularization tools in machine learning with their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-21 Dae Hoon Park , Chiu Man Ho , Yi Chang , Huaqing Zhang

In neural network models, soft mixtures of fixed candidate components (e.g., logic gates and sub-networks) are often used during training for stable optimization, while hard selection is typically used at inference. This raises questions…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Youngsung Kim

An open question in the Deep Learning community is why neural networks trained with Gradient Descent generalize well on real datasets even though they are capable of fitting random data. We propose an approach to answering this question…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-02-26 Satrajit Chatterjee

Neural networks are often regarded as universal equations that can estimate any function. This flexibility, however, comes with the drawback of high complexity, rendering these networks into black box models, which is especially relevant in…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Al-Harith Farhad , Khalil Abuibaid , Christiane Plociennik , Achim Wagner , Martin Ruskowski

Standard optimization theories struggle to explain grokking, where generalization occurs long after training convergence. While geometric studies attribute this to slow drift, they often overlook the interaction between the optimizer's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Pratyush Acharya , Habish Dhakal

Despite their massive size, successful deep artificial neural networks can exhibit a remarkably small difference between training and test performance. Conventional wisdom attributes small generalization error either to properties of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-02-28 Chiyuan Zhang , Samy Bengio , Moritz Hardt , Benjamin Recht , Oriol Vinyals

Grokking -- the abrupt transition from memorization to generalization after prolonged training -- has been linked to confinement on low-dimensional execution manifolds in modular arithmetic. Whether this mechanism extends beyond arithmetic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Yongzhong Xu

When several models have similar training scores, classical model selection heuristics follow Occam's razor and advise choosing the ones with least capacity. Yet, modern practice with large neural networks has often led to situations where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-29 Luis Sa-Couto , Jose Miguel Ramos , Andreas Wichert

Classical statistical inference and learning theory often fail to explain the success of modern neural networks. A key reason is that these models are non-identifiable (singular), violating core assumptions behind PAC bounds and asymptotic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Anish Lakkapragada

In this work, we investigate the mechanism underlying loss spikes observed during neural network training. When the training enters a region with a lower-loss-as-sharper (LLAS) structure, the training becomes unstable, and the loss…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Xiaolong Li , Zhi-Qin John Xu , Zhongwang Zhang

Graph classification benchmarks, vital for assessing and developing graph neural networks (GNNs), have recently been scrutinized, as simple methods like MLPs have demonstrated comparable performance. This leads to an important question: Do…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Zhengdao Li , Yong Cao , Kefan Shuai , Yiming Miao , Kai Hwang

Robust generalization is a major challenge in deep learning, particularly when the number of trainable parameters is very large. In general, it is very difficult to know if the network has memorized a particular set of examples or…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-06 Darshil Doshi , Aritra Das , Tianyu He , Andrey Gromov

Neural networks are vulnerable to adversarial attacks, i.e., small input perturbations can significantly affect the outputs of a neural network. Therefore, to ensure safety of neural networks in safety-critical environments, the robustness…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Lukas Koller , Tobias Ladner , Matthias Althoff

In this paper we propose a method of obtaining points of extreme overfitting - parameters of modern neural networks, at which they demonstrate close to 100 % training accuracy, simultaneously with almost zero accuracy on the test sample.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-03 Daniil Merkulov , Ivan Oseledets

We study the log-alignment ratio (LAR), a measure of parameter-activation alignment, introduced in parameterization theory. We reformulate it as the overlap between a weight spectrum $p$ of the normalized squared singular values of a matrix…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Ali Shehper , Ashish Vaswani

Training a deep neural network (DNN) often involves stochastic optimization, which means each run will produce a different model. Several works suggest this variability is negligible when models have the same performance, which in the case…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-10-03 Sinjini Banerjee , Reilly Cannon , Tim Marrinan , Tony Chiang , Anand D. Sarwate

Along with the rapid development of deep learning in practice, the theoretical explanations for its success become urgent. Generalization and expressivity are two widely used measurements to quantify theoretical behaviors of deep learning.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-03-26 Shao-Bo Lin

Fast and precise Lipschitz constant estimation of neural networks is an important task for deep learning. Researchers have recently found an intrinsic trade-off between the accuracy and smoothness of neural networks, so training a network…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-12 Zi Wang , Gautam Prakriya , Somesh Jha