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Parameter Efficient Finetuning (PEFT) has emerged as a viable solution for improving the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) without requiring massive resources and compute. Prior work on multilingual evaluation has shown that there…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Divyanshu Aggarwal , Ashutosh Sathe , Ishaan Watts , Sunayana Sitaram

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architectures have emerged as a promising approach to scale Large Language Models (LLMs). MoE boosts the efficiency by activating a subset of experts per token. Recent works show that fine-grained experts…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Zheyue Tan , Zhiyuan Li , Tao Yuan , Dong Zhou , Weilin Liu , Yueqing Zhuang , Yadong Li , Guowei Niu , Cheng Qin , Zhuyu Yao , Congyi Liu , Haiyang Xu , Boxun Li , Guohao Dai , Bo Zhao , Yu Wang

This paper develops a new perspective on parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) for LLMs, inspired by classical subspace minimization. We introduce a unifying framework, Parameter-Efficient Subspace Optimization (PESO), which recovers…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-12 Yuchen Lou , Zeqi Ye , Minshuo Chen

This paper presents a systematic overview of parameter-efficient fine-tuning methods, covering over 50 papers published between early 2019 and mid-2024. These methods aim to address the challenges of fine-tuning large language models by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Vladislav Lialin , Vijeta Deshpande , Xiaowei Yao , Anna Rumshisky

With the increasing number of parameters in large pre-trained models, LoRA as a parameter-efficient fine-tuning(PEFT) method is widely used for not adding inference overhead. The LoRA method assumes that weight changes during fine-tuning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Jihao Gu , Shuai Chen , Zelin Wang , Yibo Zhang , Ping Gong

The combination of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) and Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has shown significant potential for enhancing the multi-task learning capabilities of Large Language Models. However, existing methods face two primary challenges:…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Boyan Shi , Wei Chen , Shuyuan Zhao , Junfeng Shen , Shengnan Guo , Shaojiang Wang , Huaiyu Wan

As foundation models continue to exponentially scale in size, efficient methods of adaptation become increasingly critical. Parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT), a recent class of techniques that require only modifying a small percentage…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-01 George Pu , Anirudh Jain , Jihan Yin , Russell Kaplan

Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) has emerged as a dominant method in Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) for large language models, which augments the transformer layer with one down-projection $A$ and one up-projection $B$. However, LoRA's…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Qin Dong , Yuntian Tang , Heming Jia , Yunhang Shen , Bohan Jia , Wenxuan Huang , Lianyue Zhang , Jiao Xie , Shaohui Lin , Rongrong Ji

We present MoE-MLA-RoPE, a novel architecture combination that combines Mixture of Experts (MoE) with Multi-head Latent Attention (MLA) and Rotary Position Embeddings (RoPE) for efficient language modeling. Our approach addresses the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Sushant Mehta , Raj Dandekar , Rajat Dandekar , Sreedath Panat

It is a common practice in natural language processing to pre-train a single model on a general domain and then fine-tune it for downstream tasks. However, when it comes to Large Language Models, fine-tuning the entire model can be…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Cristian Meo , Ksenia Sycheva , Anirudh Goyal , Justin Dauwels

Fine-tuning large language models requires high computational and memory resources, and is therefore associated with significant costs. When training on federated datasets, an increased communication effort is also needed. For this reason,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-06 Evelyn Trautmann , Ian Hales , Martin F. Volk

Mixture-of-experts (MoE) is gaining increasing attention due to its unique properties and remarkable performance, especially for language tasks. By sparsely activating a subset of parameters for each token, MoE architecture could increase…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Ka Man Lo , Zeyu Huang , Zihan Qiu , Zili Wang , Jie Fu

Mixture-of-experts (MoE) architectures used in large language models (LLMs) achieve state-of-the-art performance across diverse tasks yet face practical challenges such as deployment complexity and low activation efficiency. Expert pruning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Xican Yang , Yuanhe Tian , Yan Song

Adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) to a continuous stream of tasks is a critical yet challenging endeavor. While Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods have become a standard for this, they face a fundamental dilemma in continual…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Haeyong Kang

Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) techniques, particularly Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA), have become essential for adapting Large Language Models (LLMs) to downstream tasks. While the recent FlyLoRA framework successfully leverages…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Yuxin Yang , Haoran Zhang , Mingxuan Li , Jiachen Xu , Ruoxi Shen , Zhenyu Wang , Tianhao Liu , Siqi Chen , Weilin Huang

Low-rank adapters (LoRA) and their variants are popular parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT) techniques that closely match full model fine-tune performance while requiring only a small number of additional parameters. These additional…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Runqian Wang , Soumya Ghosh , David Cox , Diego Antognini , Aude Oliva , Rogerio Feris , Leonid Karlinsky

Efficiently adapting large foundation models is critical, especially with tight compute and memory budgets. Parameter-Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT) methods such as LoRA offer limited granularity and effectiveness in few-parameter regimes. We…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Ahmet Bilican , M. Akın Yılmaz , A. Murat Tekalp , R. Gökberk Cinbiş

We propose the Mixture of Frozen Experts (MoFE) architecture, which integrates Parameter-efficient Fine-tuning (PEFT) and the Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture to enhance both training efficiency and model scalability. By freezing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-11 Jean Seo , Jaeyoon Kim , Hyopil Shin

Adapters and Low-Rank Adaptation (LoRA) are parameter-efficient fine-tuning techniques designed to make the training of language models more efficient. Previous results demonstrated that these methods can even improve performance on some…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-09 Olesya Razuvayevskaya , Ben Wu , Joao A. Leite , Freddy Heppell , Ivan Srba , Carolina Scarton , Kalina Bontcheva , Xingyi Song

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has ushered in a new era of artificial intelligence, with the potential to transform various sectors through automation and insightful analysis. The Mixture of Experts (MoE) architecture has been…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Xurui Li , Juanjuan Yao