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Nowadays, Large Language Models (LLMs) are foundational components of modern software systems. As their influence grows, concerns about fairness have become increasingly pressing. Prior work has proposed metamorphic testing to detect…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Alessandra Parziale , Gianmario Voria , Valeria Pontillo , Gemma Catolino , Andrea De Lucia , Fabio Palomba

Current advanced long-context language models offer great potential for real-world software engineering applications. However, progress in this critical domain remains hampered by a fundamental limitation: the absence of a rigorous…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Jia Li , Xuyuan Guo , Lei Li , Kechi Zhang , Ge Li , Jia Li , Zhengwei Tao , Fang Liu , Chongyang Tao , Yuqi Zhu , Zhi Jin

Large language models (LLMs) have brought a paradigm shift to the field of code generation, offering the potential to enhance the software development process. However, previous research mainly focuses on the accuracy of code generation,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Yanlin Wang , Tianyue Jiang , Mingwei Liu , Jiachi Chen , Mingzhi Mao , Xilin Liu , Yuchi Ma , Zibin Zheng

We present an empirical evaluation of Large Language Models in code understanding associated with non-trivial, semantic-preserving program transformations such as copy propagation or constant folding. Our findings show that LLMs fail to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-02 Cosimo Laneve , Alvise Spanò , Dalila Ressi , Sabina Rossi , Michele Bugliesi

With the rapid advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), the demand for robust instruction-following capabilities in code generation tasks has grown significantly. Code generation not only facilitates faster prototyping and automated…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Kaiwen Yan , Hongcheng Guo , Xuanqing Shi , Shaosheng Cao , Donglin Di , Zhoujun Li

AI-assisted programming tools are widely adopted, yet their practical utility is often undermined by undesired suggestions that interrupt developer workflows and cause frustration. While existing research has explored developer-AI…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Jing Jiang , Liehao Li , Jinyun Hou , Xin Tan , Li Zhang

The field of natural language understanding has experienced exponential progress in the last few years, with impressive results in several tasks. This success has motivated researchers to study the underlying knowledge encoded by these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-06-03 Carlos Aspillaga , Marcelo Mendoza , Alvaro Soto

Recent research has explored the creation of questions from code submitted by students. These Questions about Learners' Code (QLCs) are created through program analysis, exploring execution paths, and then creating code comprehension…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-04-19 Teemu Lehtinen , Charles Koutcheme , Arto Hellas

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly explored for their reasoning capabilities, yet their ability to perform structured, constraint-based optimization from natural language remains insufficiently understood. This study evaluates…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Aasish Kumar Sharma , Julian Kunkel

In recent years, there has been a wide interest in designing deep neural network-based models that automate downstream software engineering tasks on source code, such as code document generation, code search, and program repair. Although…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-08-30 Ahmad Haji Mohammadkhani , Chakkrit Tantithamthavorn , Hadi Hemmati

Transformer-based pre-trained models have recently achieved great results in solving many software engineering tasks including automatic code completion which is a staple in a developer's toolkit. While many have striven to improve the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-25 Tim van Dam , Maliheh Izadi , Arie van Deursen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in tasks requiring complex reasoning, such as code generation, mathematical problem solving, and algorithmic synthesis -- especially when aided by reasoning tokens and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Jaechul Roh , Varun Gandhi , Shivani Anilkumar , Arin Garg

Recently, high-performing code generation systems based on large language models have surfaced. They are trained on massive corpora containing much more natural text than actual executable computer code. This work shows that current code…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-05-10 Spyridon Mouselinos , Mateusz Malinowski , Henryk Michalewski

Synchronizing production and test code, known as PT co-evolution, is critical for software quality in the software development lifecycle. Existing methods for automatic PT co-evolution either utilize predefined heuristic rules or rely on…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Jianlei Chi , Xiaotian Wang , Yuhan Huang , Lechen Yu , Di Cui , Jianguo Sun , Jun Sun

Automatic code completion helps improve developers' productivity in their programming tasks. A program contains instructions expressed via code statements, which are considered as the basic units of program execution. In this paper, we…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-11-19 Son Nguyen , Tien N. Nguyen , Yi Li , Shaohua Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have become essential tools in software development, widely used for requirements engineering, code generation and review tasks. Software engineers often rely on LLMs to verify if code implementation satisfy…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Haolin Jin , Huaming Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) challenge conventional automated programming assessment because students can now produce functionally correct code without demonstrating corresponding understanding. This paper makes two contributions. First, it…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Eduard Frankford , Erik Cikalleshi , Ruth Breu

Pre-trained language models are effective in a variety of natural language tasks, but it has been argued their capabilities fall short of fully learning meaning or understanding language. To understand the extent to which language models…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-02-29 Toufique Ahmed , Dian Yu , Chengxuan Huang , Cathy Wang , Prem Devanbu , Kenji Sagae

Large Language Models (LLMs) trained via Reinforcement Learning (RL) have recently achieved impressive results on reasoning benchmarks. Yet, growing evidence shows that these models often generate longer but ineffective chains of thought…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Jhouben Cuesta-Ramirez , Samuel Beaussant , Mehdi Mounsif

The rapid development of large language models has revolutionized code intelligence in software development. However, the predominance of closed-source models has restricted extensive research and development. To address this, we introduce…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-29 Daya Guo , Qihao Zhu , Dejian Yang , Zhenda Xie , Kai Dong , Wentao Zhang , Guanting Chen , Xiao Bi , Y. Wu , Y. K. Li , Fuli Luo , Yingfei Xiong , Wenfeng Liang