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Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has emerged as a promising technology in both terrestrial and non-terrestrial networks (NTNs) due to its ability to manipulate wireless environments for better connectivity. Significant studies have…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Wali Ullah Khan , Asad Mahmood , Muhammad Ali Jamshed , Eva Lagunas , Manzoor Ahmed , Symeon Chatzinotas

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has been envisioned as a key technology in future wireless communication networks to enable smart radio environment. To further enhance the passive beamforming capability of RIS, beyond diagonal…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-22 Ziang Liu , Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx

This work studies the wideband modeling and beamforming design of beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), which generalizes and goes beyond conventional RIS with diagonal phase shift matrices to achieve enhanced channel…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Hongyu Li , Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Recently, beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has emerged as a more flexible solution to engineer the wireless propagation channels, thanks to its non-diagonal reflecting matrix. Although the gain of the BD-RIS over…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-18 Xiaoqi Zhang , Liang Liu , Shuowen Zhang , Haijun Zhang

Integrating BD-RIS into wireless communications systems has attracted significant interest due to its transformative potential in enhancing system performance. This survey provides a comprehensive analysis of BD-RIS technology, examining…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Omar Maraqa , Majid H. Khoshafa , Olutayo O. Oyerinde , Telex M. N. Ngatched

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs), originally in the passive form, have attracted attention due to their benefits in enhanced wave manipulating through flexible inter-element connections and element arrangements.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-16 Fu Liu , Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen

This letter proposes a movable beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (MA-BD-RIS) design, combining inter-element connectivity and movability for channel enhancement. We study a MA-BD-RIS assisted multi-user multiple input…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-13 Shuyue Xu , Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) have emerged as a promising technology for 6G wireless networks, offering more advanced control over electromagnetic wave propagation than conventional diagonal RIS. This paper…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-01 Kexin Chen , Yijie Mao , Wonjae Shin

Recently, beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) has been proposed to generalize conventional RIS. BD-RIS has a scattering matrix that is not restricted to being diagonal and thus brings a performance improvement over…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-02-21 Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Hongyu Li , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) allow controlling the propagation environment in wireless networks by tuning multiple reflecting elements. RISs have been traditionally realized through single connected architectures,…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RIS) generalizes and goes beyond conventional diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (D-RIS) by interconnecting elements to generate beyond diagonal scattering matrices, which…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-14 Hamad Yahya , Hongyu Li , Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx , Merouane Debbah

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), which enables advanced wave control through interconnection of RIS elements, are gaining growing recognition as a promising technology for 6G and beyond. However, the enhanced…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-30 Xiaohua Zhou , Tianyu Fang , Yijie Mao , Bruno Clerckx

We present the first experimental prototype of a reflective beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS), i.e., a RIS with reconfigurable inter-element connections. Our BD-RIS consists of an antenna array whose ports are…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-20 Jean Tapie , Matteo Nerini , Bruno Clerckx , Philipp del Hougne

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is a new advance and generalization of the RIS technique. BD-RIS breaks through the isolation between RIS elements by creatively introducing inter-element connections, thereby…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-06-11 Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen , Yumeng Zhang , Bruno Clerckx

Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) is regarded as a key enabler of wave/analog-domain beamforming, processing, and computing in future wireless communication systems. Recently, Beyond Diagonal RIS (BD-RIS) has been proposed as a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-09-11 Zheyu Wu , Bruno Clerckx

Beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (BD-RISs) have recently gained attention as an enhancement to conventional RISs. BD-RISs allow optimizing not only the phase, but also the amplitude responses of their discrete surface…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-27 Atso Iivanainen , Robin Rajamäki , Visa Koivunen

This work focuses on the use of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) in dual-function radar-communication (DFRC) systems to improve communication capacity and sensing precision, and enhance coverage for both functions. In contrast to…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-10 Bowen Wang , Hongyu Li , Shanpu Shen , Ziyang Cheng , Bruno Clerckx

A beyond-diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) is an innovative type of reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) that has recently been proposed and is considered a revolutionary advancement in wave manipulation. Unlike the…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Abd Ullah Khan , Uman Khalid , Trung Q. Duong , Hyundong Shin

Beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) extends conventional RIS through novel architectures, such as group-connected RIS, with scattering matrix not restricted to being diagonal. However, it remains unexplored how to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Matteo Nerini , Shanpu Shen , Bruno Clerckx

A hybrid transmitting and reflecting beyond diagonal reconfigurable intelligent surface (BD-RIS) design is proposed. Operating in the same aperture, frequency band and polarization, the proposed BD-RIS features independent beam steering…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-15 Zhaoyang Ming , Shanpu Shen , Junhui Rao , Zan Li , Jichen Zhang , Chi Yuk Chiu , Ross Murch