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Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly explored as general-purpose reasoners, particularly in agentic contexts. However, their outputs remain prone to mathematical and logical errors. This is especially challenging in open-ended…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Agnieszka Mensfelt , Kostas Stathis , Vince Trencsenyi

Transformer-based large language models have achieved remarkable performance across various natural language processing tasks. However, they often struggle with seemingly easy tasks like arithmetic despite their vast capabilities. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Luyu Qiu , Jianing Li , Chi Su , Chen Jason Zhang , Lei Chen

To train neural machine translation models simultaneously on multiple tasks (languages), it is common to sample each task uniformly or in proportion to dataset sizes. As these methods offer little control over performance trade-offs, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-09-17 Sébastien Jean , Orhan Firat , Melvin Johnson

Children can acquire language from less than 100 million words of input. Large language models are far less data-efficient: they typically require 3 or 4 orders of magnitude more data and still do not perform as well as humans on many…

Recent work in NLP shows that LSTM language models capture hierarchical structure in language data. In contrast to existing work, we consider the \textit{learning} process that leads to their compositional behavior. For a closer look at how…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-12 Naomi Saphra , Adam Lopez

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly evaluated on reasoning tasks, yet their logical abilities remain contested. To address this, we study LLMs' reasoning in a well-defined fragment of logic: syllogistic reasoning. We cast the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Leonardo Bertolazzi , Manuel Vargas Guzmán , Raffaella Bernardi , Maciej Malicki , Jakub Szymanik

Program slicing is a critical technique in software engineering, enabling developers to isolate relevant portions of code for tasks such as bug detection, code comprehension, and debugging. In this study, we investigate the application of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Kimya Khakzad Shahandashti , Mohammad Mahdi Mohajer , Alvine Boaye Belle , Song Wang , Hadi Hemmati

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in AI-based tutoring systems. Can they faithfully model novice reasoning and metacognitive judgments? Existing evaluations emphasize problem-solving accuracy, overlooking the fragmented…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Conrad Borchers , Jill-Jênn Vie , Roger Azevedo

Effective collaboration requires groups to strategically regulate themselves to overcome challenges. Research has shown that groups may fail to regulate due to differences in members' perceptions of challenges which may benefit from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Wannapon Suraworachet , Jennifer Seon , Mutlu Cukurova

Planning is a crucial element of both human intelligence and contemporary large language models (LLMs). In this paper, we initiate a theoretical investigation into the emergence of planning capabilities in Transformer-based LLMs via their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Siwei Wang , Yifei Shen , Shi Feng , Haoran Sun , Shang-Hua Teng , Wei Chen

Each new generation of English-oriented Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibits enhanced cross-lingual transfer capabilities and significantly outperforms older LLMs on low-resource languages. This prompts the question: Is there a need for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Tamzeed Mahfuz , Satak Kumar Dey , Ruwad Naswan , Hasnaen Adil , Khondker Salman Sayeed , Haz Sameen Shahgir

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being used in educational and learning applications. Research has demonstrated that controlling for style, to fit the needs of the learner, fosters increased understanding, promotes inclusion,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Ankit Aich , Tingting Liu , Salvatore Giorgi , Kelsey Isman , Lyle Ungar , Brenda Curtis

This paper studies in-context learning by decomposing the output of large language models into the individual contributions of attention heads and MLPs (components). We observe curious components: good-performing ones that individually do…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Ting-Yun Chang , Jesse Thomason , Robin Jia

Compositional Natural Language Inference has been explored to assess the true abilities of neural models to perform NLI. Yet, current evaluations assume models to have full access to all primitive inferences in advance, in contrast to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Xiyan Fu , Anette Frank

This paper addresses the limited transfer and adaptation capabilities of large language models in low-resource language scenarios. It proposes a unified framework that combines a knowledge transfer module with parameter-efficient…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Shuangquan Lyu , Yingnan Deng , Guiran Liu , Zhen Qi , Ruotong Wang

Generative models have demonstrated substantial promise in Natural Language Processing (NLP) and have found application in designing molecules, as seen in General Pretrained Transformer (GPT) models. In our efforts to develop such a tool…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-27 Niklas Dobberstein , Astrid Maass , Jan Hamaekers

Large language models (LLMs) can perform remarkably complex tasks, yet the fine-grained details of how these capabilities emerge during pretraining remain poorly understood. Scaling laws on validation loss tell us how much a model improves…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Emmy Liu , Kaiser Sun , Millicent Li , Isabelle Lee , Lindia Tjuatja , Jen-tse Huang , Graham Neubig

We present an approach for assessing how multilingual large language models (LLMs) learn syntax in terms of multi-formalism syntactic structures. We aim to recover constituent and dependency structures by casting parsing as sequence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-21 Alberto Muñoz-Ortiz , David Vilares , Carlos Gómez-Rodríguez

Low-resource languages pose a challenge for machine translation with large language models (LLMs), which require large amounts of training data. One potential way to circumvent this data dependence is to rely on LLMs' ability to use…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Jackson Petty , Jaulie Goe , Tal Linzen

Adapting large language models (LLMs) to new languages typically involves continual pre-training (CT) followed by supervised fine-tuning (SFT). However, this CT-then-SFT approach struggles with limited data in the context of low-resource…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-10 Mingxu Tao , Chen Zhang , Quzhe Huang , Tianyao Ma , Songfang Huang , Dongyan Zhao , Yansong Feng