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Grid-forming (GFM) capability requirements are increasingly imposed on grid-connected voltage-source converters (VSCs). Under large grid disturbances, GFM-VSCs need to remain stable while providing GFM services. Yet, such objectives, as…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-04-24 Heng Wu , Xiongfei Wang

This paper introduces a new grid-forming control for power converters, termed hybrid angle control (HAC) that ensures the almost global closed-loop stability. HAC combines the recently proposed matching control with a novel nonlinear angle…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-08-19 Ali Tayyebi , Adolfo Anta , Florian Dörfler

This paper presents a decentralized controller for sharing primary AC frequency control reserves through a multi-terminal HVDC grid. By using Lyapunov arguments, the proposed controller is shown to stabilize the equilibrium of the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2015-12-15 Martin Andreasson , Roger Wiget , Dimos V. Dimarogonas , Karl H. Johansson , Göran Andersson

Inspired by the kinetics of wave phenomena in reaction-diffusion models of biological systems, we propose a novel grid-forming control strategy for control of three-phase DC/AC converters in power systems. The ($\lambda-\omega$) virtual…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-12-22 Taouba Jouini , Emma Tegling , Zhiyong Sun

The output impedance matrix of a grid-connected converter plays an important role in analyzing system stability. Due to the dynamics of the DC-link control and the phase locked loop (PLL), the output impedance matrices of the converter and…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-06-20 Huanhai Xin , Ziheng Li , Wei Dong , Leiqi Zhang , Zhen Wang , Jian Zhao

Power electronic converters for integrating renewable energy resources into power systems can be divided into grid-forming and grid-following inverters. They possess certain similarities, but several important differences, which means that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-01-28 Yitong Li , Yunjie Gu , Timothy C. Green

This work investigates the transient and dynamical behavior of hybrid AC/DC systems using dual-port grid-forming (GFM) control. A generalized modeling framework for hybrid AC/DC networks is first introduced that accounts for converter,…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Irina Subotić , Dominic Groß , Alexander Winkens , Julian Jansen , Florian Klein-Helmkamp , Andreas Ulbig

The share of electronically converted power from renewable sources, loads, and storage is continuously growing in the low- and medium-voltage grids. These sources and loads typically rectify the grid AC to DC, e.g., for a DC link, so that a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Ehsan Asadi , Davood Keshavarzi , Alexander Koehler , Nima Tashakor , Stefan Goetz

Grid-interfacing inverters act as the interface between renewable resources and the electric grid, and have the potential to offer fast and programmable controls compared to synchronous generators. With this flexibility there has been…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-25 Trager Joswig-Jones , Baosen Zhang

This paper investigates the design and analysis of a novel grid-forming (GFM) control method for grid-connected converters (GCCs). The core novelty lies in a virtual flux observer-based synchronization and load angle control method. The…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-26 Xueqing Gao , Jun Zhang , Tao Li , Mingming Zhang

The control of network-coupled nonlinear dynamical systems is an active area of research in the nonlinear science community. Coupled oscillator networks represent a particularly important family of nonlinear systems, with applications…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2016-08-03 Per Sebastian Skardal , Alex Arenas

As the energy transition transforms power grids across the globe, it poses several challenges regarding grid design and control. In particular, high levels of intermittent renewable generation complicate the task of continuously balancing…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2018-08-07 Randall Martyr , Benjamin Schaefer , Christian Beck , Vito Latora

We consider the problem of designing learning-based reactive power controllers that perform voltage regulation in distribution grids while ensuring closed-loop system stability. In contrast to existing methods, where the provably stable…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Zhenyi Yuan , Jie Feng , Yuanyuan Shi , Jorge Cortés

Electrical power conversions are common in a large variety of engineering applications. With reference to AC/DC and DC/AC power conversions, a strong research interest resides in multilevel converters, thanks to the many advantages they…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-31 Davide Tebaldi , Roberto Zanasi

Voltage regulation under conventional grid-forming controllers is tightly coupled to power sharing and dc-link dynamics. Consequently, its tracking accuracy deteriorates during grid faults, sudden power sharing changes, or dc-bus voltage…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-02 Qianxi Tang , Li Peng , Xuefeng Wang , Xinchen Yao

This paper derives closed-form solutions for grid-forming converters with power synchronization control (PSC) by subtly simplifying and factorizing the complex closed-loop models. The solutions can offer clear analytical insights into…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-12-05 Fangzhou Zhao , Tianhua Zhu , Lennart Harnefors , Bo Fan , Heng Wu , Zichao Zhou , Yin Sun , Xiongfei Wang

This article proposes a "cross-forming" control concept for grid-forming inverters operating against grid faults. Cross-forming refers to voltage angle forming and current magnitude forming. It differs from classical grid-forming and…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-20 Xiuqiang He , Maitraya Avadhut Desai , Linbin Huang , Florian Dörfler

This letter proposes a decentralized control scheme for grid-connected cascaded modular inverters without any communication, and each module makes decisions based on its own local information. In contrast, the conventional methods are…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2018-04-24 Yao Sun , Xiaochao Hou , Hua Han , Zhangjie Liu , Wenbin Yuan , Mei Su

This letter proposes a dual model for grid-forming (GFM) controlled converters. The model is inspired from the observation that the structures of the active and reactive power equations of lossy synchronous machine models are almost…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-12 Federico Milano

In this paper, we propose a harmonic-model based control approach for the three-phase grid-tied AC-DC converter. We derive a nonlinear harmonic domain model and demonstrate its efficacy in designing harmonic control with global stability…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-04 Maxime Grosso , Pierre Riedinger , Jamal Daafouz , Serge Pierfederici , Hicham Janati-Idrissi , Blaise Lapôtre